http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-08-24/doc-ihicsiaw2037874.shtml
俄连航母都不会设计了？采用常规动力却没有烟囱
俄连航母都不会设计了？采用常规动力却没有烟囱
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自改装“维克拉玛蒂亚”号以来，俄罗斯舰艇工业在航母领域内的业务就屡屡遭到吐槽。然而别看它能力很低下，眼睛却望着天。满载排水量超10万吨的核动力航母，克雷诺夫科研中心的设计，双舰岛方案，滑跃和弹射并举，虽然被诟病，致命的毛病也并不多，只不是每次都说要造，却一次又一次地放了外界的鸽子。
旧坑没填，克雷诺夫科研中心又添新账。在近日举办的军队-2018论坛上，克雷诺夫科研中心展示的一种全新的航母设计方案，代号为暴风-KM。之前十万吨级的航母也叫暴风，似乎这个航母方案是它的小弟弟。但是，两者的设计却有很大的差别，属于完全不同的方案。最初，俄罗斯媒体只放出两张照片，并没有详细的解读。
笔者从特征判断，由于采用单舰岛设计，且没有烟囱，最初将其判断为核动力航母。但随后公布的资料显示，这一次真是被坑了。根据克雷诺夫科研中心给出的信息，暴风-KM航母并不是采用核动力，而用的是燃气轮机，双轴推进形式，部分使用电力推进，其电力系统有3台发动机。
有最起码舰艇常识的人都知道，烧化石燃料的都得冒烟，舰岛上没有烟囱，烟道会有两种设计，一种是布置在舰尾，另一种则是布置在舷侧。将排烟管道布置在舷侧的，有不少型都中小型舰艇都有这种设计，倒也不奇怪，只不过航母采用尾部排烟，这倒是破天荒的第一次。至于舷侧排烟，也并不是没有，二战时候的日本航母，就有这种设计。上古时代的产物，俄罗斯真打算复古么？
非也！笔者仔细搜索了暴风-KM航母的舷侧和舰尾，压根没有排烟口。俄罗斯设计师这是打算要把暴风-KM航母都熏成肉干吗？最起码的舰艇设计常识，在这个航母方案上根本没有体现出来。
第二个是航母的定位，克雷诺夫设计局将其称为轻型航母。按照它给出的数据，倒也并没有什么争议的地方。暴风-KM的标准排水量为3.7万吨，正常排水量为4.05万吨，满载排水量为4.4万吨。近年来，美国也有过轻型航母的方案，排水量大致在四五万吨左右，采用两栖攻击舰的底子。所以暴风-MK的吨位虽然同原来英国、西班牙和意大利标准的轻型航母相比有些超标，但尚且能说得过去。
然而从舰载机同航母的大小对比来看，暴风-KM的吨位根本就不会在“库兹涅佐夫”号之下。“库兹涅佐夫”号的全长是305米，最大宽度为72米，吃水10米，而暴风-KM的全长是304米，宽为78米，吃水为8.5米。横向对比，两者的吨位再怎么也不会相差近1.4万吨。因此，当暴风-KM方案的最初照片出现之时，就有观点质疑它4.4万吨的满排偏小了。
暴风-KM方案的第三个吐槽点，则是其升降机的布置。该方案的飞机升降机没有一个地方布置在舷侧，均布置在飞行甲板的中间偏右舷的位置。现代标准航母的飞机升降机一般不会采用这个设计，主要是飞机从甲板和机库的运输会严重干扰舰载机的起降作业。在运输飞机的时候，舰载机不得不停止起降。而为了避免干扰，暴风-KM故意将甲板宽度从库兹的72米增加到78米，这要不是设计师脑子里漂拖鞋，绝对不会有如此反常规的做法。航母上的甲板都是寸地寸金，根本经不起这样的浪费。
在甲板中部设置飞机升降机，倒也不是绝对没有这样做的，比如俄罗斯帮印度改装的“维克拉玛蒂亚”号航母，以及现代的两栖攻击舰，都有类似做法。两栖攻击舰由于不需要起降常规喷气式舰载机，通常使用的垂短飞机，对甲板空间要求没有那么高，这一点是可以容容忍的。再则，航母右舷留下了过多的空间，可能是用来转运装备和货物的，苏式载机巡洋舰的恶趣味，暴风-KM仍然延续着。
除此之外，暴风-KM航母方案的还有很多槽点。比如，它的主力舰载机是米格-29K和苏-33。米格-29K由于印度采购，俄罗斯也跟着购买，所以提供不难，但是苏-33舰载机已经停产了。为了保障它有苏-33可用，俄罗斯还得恢复生产线。再则，暴风-KM航母的最大航速只有28节，比问题航母“戴高乐”号快不了多少，而现在的真资格航母，最大航速一般都超过30节。
说完槽点之后，我们再来谈谈它的进步。暴风-KM的近防系统将地位4套铠甲-ME，没有像“库兹涅佐夫”号和之前苏式载机巡洋舰那样堆积来太多的防空火力，也没有装反舰导弹发射装置，这使它更像是一艘标准的航母。再则，暴风-KM航母会加装反鱼雷系统，这也是一个重要的亮点。
当然，之所以暴风-KM航母有这么多的缺点，很有可能它仍然处于概念展示阶段。而且克雷诺夫科研中心也只是搞流体力学的，所属的设计机构也意味着，它并不是上马的型号。概念模型不准确有差错，其实很多国家都出现过。只不过对于一个曾经建造过无数大舰、并且防务工业仍不可小觑的国家，舰艇方案模型有这么多毛病，也是件让人很丢脸的事情。（作者署名：云上的空母）
Will the Russian aircraft carrier not be designed? Conventional power without chimney
Sina Military at 11:09 on August 24, 2018
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Since the modification of the "Vikramatia", the Russian naval industry has been repeatedly blamed for its business in the aircraft carrier field. However, don't look at it, the ability is very low, but the eyes are looking at the sky. The nuclear-powered aircraft carrier with a displacement of more than 100,000 tons, the design of the Krenov Research Center, the double-ship island program, the slide and the ejection, although they are criticized, there are not many fatal problems, but it is not every time However, the pigeons of the outside world were released again and again.
The old pit was not filled, and the Krenov Research Center added a new account. At the recent Army-2018 Forum, a new aircraft carrier design project, known as Storm-KM, was presented at the Krenov Research Center. The previous 100,000-ton aircraft carrier was also called a storm. It seems that this aircraft carrier program is its younger brother. However, the design of the two is very different and belongs to a completely different solution. Initially, the Russian media only released two photos and did not interpret them in detail.
The author judges from the characteristics that since the single-ship island design is adopted and there is no chimney, it is initially judged as a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. But the information released later showed that this time it was really pitted. According to the information given by the Krenov Research Center, the Storm-KM aircraft carrier does not use nuclear power, but uses a gas turbine, a two-axle propulsion type, partially using electric propulsion, and its power system has three engines.
Anyone with the most common knowledge of warships knows that burning fossil fuels has to smoke. There are no chimneys on the island. There are two designs for the flue. One is placed at the stern and the other is placed on the side. . It is not surprising that there are many types of small and medium-sized ships with such a design. It is not surprising that the aircraft carrier uses the tail to exhaust smoke, which is the first time. As for the side-side exhaust, it is not without. The Japanese aircraft carrier during World War II has this design. The product of the ancient times, is Russia really going to be retro?
Not also! The author carefully searched the side and the stern of the Storm-KM aircraft carrier, and there was no smoke outlet at the root. Russian designer, is this going to smoke the storm-KM aircraft carrier into dried meat? At the very least, the common sense of ship design is not reflected in this aircraft carrier program.
The second is the positioning of the aircraft carrier, which the Krenov Design Bureau calls a light aircraft carrier. According to the data given by it, there is no dispute. The standard displacement of Storm-KM is 37,000 tons, the normal displacement is 40,500 tons, and the full-load displacement is 44,000 tons. In recent years, the United States has also had a light aircraft carrier program, with a displacement of about 450,000 tons, using the base of an amphibious assault ship. Therefore, the tonnage of Storm-MK is somewhat superior to the original light carrier of the British, Spanish and Italian standards, but it can still be said.
However, from the comparison of the size of the carrier aircraft and the aircraft carrier, the tonnage of Storm-KM will not be under the "Kuznetsov". The Kuznetsov is 305 meters long, with a maximum width of 72 meters and a draft of 10 meters. The storm-KM has a total length of 304 meters, a width of 78 meters and a draught of 8.5 meters. In the horizontal comparison, the tonnage of the two will not differ by nearly 14,000 tons. Therefore, when the first photo of the Storm-KM program appeared, there was a view that its 44,000 tons of full row was too small.
The third spit point of the Storm-KM program is the arrangement of its lifts. The aircraft lifts of this scheme are not located on the side of the ship and are placed on the starboard side of the flight deck. Aircraft lifts of modern standard aircraft carriers generally do not adopt this design, mainly because the transportation of aircraft from the deck and hangar will seriously interfere with the take-off and landing of the carrier aircraft. When transporting the aircraft, the carrier aircraft had to stop taking off and landing. In order to avoid interference, Storm-KM deliberately increased the deck width from 72 meters to 78 meters in Kutz. This is not the case for drifting slippers in the designer's mind. The decks on the aircraft carrier are all inch-inch gold, and they cannot withstand such waste.
It is not absolutely impossible to set up an aircraft lift in the middle of the deck. For example, the Russian-made "Vikalmatia" aircraft carrier for India and the modern amphibious assault ship have similar practices. Because amphibious assault ships do not need to take off and take off conventional jet carrier aircraft, the short-haul aircraft usually used, the deck space requirements are not so high, which can be tolerated. In addition, the aircraft carrier left too much space on the starboard side, which may be used to transfer equipment and cargo. The Soviet-style carrier cruiser has a bad taste, and the storm-KM continues.
In addition, there are many slots in the Storm-KM aircraft carrier program. For example, its main carrier aircraft are the MiG-29K and Su-33. The MiG-29K was purchased in India and Russia also bought it, so it is not difficult to provide, but the Su-33 carrier has been discontinued. In order to guarantee that it has Su-33 available, Russia has to resume production lines. In addition, the maximum speed of the Storm-KM aircraft carrier is only 28 knots, which is not much faster than the problem carrier "Gao Lele". Now the true qualification of the aircraft carrier, the maximum speed is generally more than 30 knots.
After talking about the slot, let's talk about its progress. Storm-KM's near-defense system will be in the position of four armor-MEs. There is not much anti-aircraft firepower like the Kuznetsov and the former Soviet-style cruiser, and there is no anti-ship missile launcher. This makes it more like a standard aircraft carrier. Furthermore, the Storm-KM aircraft carrier will be equipped with an anti-torpedo system, which is also an important highlight.
Of course, the reason why Storm-KM aircraft carrier has so many shortcomings is that it is still in the stage of concept display. Moreover, the Krenov Research Center is only engaged in fluid mechanics. The design agency also means that it is not a model. The conceptual model is inaccurate and error-free, and has actually appeared in many countries. However, for a country that has built countless large ships and the defense industry is still not to be underestimated, there are so many problems with the ship program model, which is also a shameful thing. (Author's signature: empty mother on the cloud)
