When Handcuffs Cannot Be Used
Handcuffs are not automatic and must not be used punitively, humiliatingly, or without justification. They are prohibited in these cases:
• No risk present: If the suspect submits peacefully by word or action (e.g., a cooperative driver pulled over for a minor violation like speeding), handcuffs are unnecessary. Alternative measures, such as additional officers or close supervision, should suffice instead.
• Vulnerable individuals: Generally avoided for juveniles (under 16), elderly, or infirm persons unless they pose a clear risk of harm or escape. This respects human dignity and prevents unnecessary injury.
• Non-arrestable offenses or low-risk scenarios: For minor traffic summonses (e.g., parking fines), no arrest or restraint occurs. Even in arrests, handcuffs are not used if the situation can be managed without them, as excessive use could be seen as summary punishment.
• In court or post-sentencing without need: Courts in Singapore scrutinize handcuffing convicted persons (e.g., for short sentences or non-violent crimes) and may intervene if no security risk exists, emphasizing that restraints should not humiliate or exceed the sentence.
Misuse can lead to legal challenges, as handcuffing without cause may violate constitutional rights under Article 9 (liberty) or amount to assault.
Is There a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)?
The SPF does not publicly publish a detailed, standalone SOP specifically for handcuffs on its website (police.gov.sg), as operational procedures are internal to maintain tactical flexibility. However, guidelines are embedded in broader training and policy frameworks:
• Training-based SOP: Officers undergo Police Defence Tactics (PDT) training, which covers when to escalate to restraints like handcuffs during arrests. This includes annual competency tests for use-of-force decisions.
• Use-of-Force Continuum: SPF follows a graduated model (verbal commands → physical control → restraints → higher force), where handcuffs fit as a non-lethal restraint. Internal SOPs require justification for each use, documented in incident reports.
• Equipment and Policy References: Official SPF descriptions state handcuffs are for restraining violent or escape-risk PIC, implying procedural limits. While not as explicit as in some countries (e.g., Malaysia’s reviewed SOP or India’s BNSS-2023 guidelines), Singapore’s approach is guided by case law and the CPC to ensure proportionality.
For official clarification, contact the SPF via their feedback portal or refer to the Police Force Act and CPC on Singapore Statutes Online. If you’re facing a specific incident, consult a lawyer for advice.