Historians regularly cite the Battle of Stalingrad as one of the bloodiest in the annals of warfare. It began on August 23, 1942 when German forces attempted to take the city, located in southern Russia and today called Volgograd. By the time hostilities ended on February 2, 1943, Axis casualties numbered 800,000 while Soviet forces are estimated to have suffered 1,100,000 casualties, and approximately 40,000 civilians died. The ruins of the Grudinina Mill stand as a permanent memorial to those who perished, and is located next to a museum facility.
Known also as the Battle of Bussaco, this was a military engagement fought in Portugal on September 27, 1810 during the Peninsular War. The battleground where Wellington's Anglo-Portuguese Army defeated French forces on the wooded slopes of the Serra do Buçaco in central Portugal is memorialized by a stone obelisk.