Battlefields serve as a permanent reminder of some of history's bloodiest military engagements. The bucolic landscapes we see today were once stained with the blood of hundreds, sometimes thousands, felled in the throes of mortal combat. Preserved for posterity, these conflict locations remain hallowed turf, historical landmarks of past campaigns and encounters, many of which influenced the outcome of world wars.
The Battle of Thermopylae took place in August or September of 480 BCE. An epic clash between Greek forces, mostly Spartan, commanded by King Leonidas I, and a superior Persian army led by King Xerxes I, the battle was held at the narrow coastal pass of Thermopylae. There are several monuments set around this battlefield in Greece, one of which is a statue of the defeated Leonidas in full battledress.
Named for a town on the south coast of England, the famous battle of October 14, 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and English forces led by King Harold, actually took place nearer the present-day town of Battle, itself named for Battle Abbey, founded in 1095 to commemorate the engagement. The ruins of the abbey, plus a stone marking the spot where Harold fell, lie within the boundaries of the battlefield.
The Battle of the Boyne was fought on July 1, 1690, and pitted the forces of King James II against those of William III. The well-maintained Boyne battlefield is located near the River Boyne, close to the town of Drogheda in Ireland.
The Battle of Gettysburg was fought on July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and is arguably the most famous of the military confrontations to take place during the American Civil War. Unionist forces won a decisive victory over their Confederate enemy, but 8,000 of the 51,000 casualties were killed in combat. Several memorials are set on the battlefield, which is a National Military Park, including the Gettysburg National Cemetery where President Lincoln gave his historic Gettysburg Address.
The mournful ruins of Belchite near Zaragoza in Aragon stand as a reminder of the military operations that took place between August 24 and September 7, 1937 at this small town when it was visited by the Spanish Civil War. Francisco Franco's Nationalists bombed it to pieces in an attempt to flush out Republican rebels.
Fought on June 18, 1815 at Waterloo in Belgium, the Battle of Waterloo was a decisive engagement between Napoleon's army and those of a British-led coalition under the command of the Duke of Wellington. Nearly 33,000 men fell on that day, which ended in defeat for the French emperor. The Lion's Mound (pictured) was built in 1820 and provides sweeping views of the battlefields.
The last pitched battle to be fought on British soil, the Battle of Culloden took place on April 16, 1746 on Drummossie Moor, overlooking Inverness in Scotland. Culloden was the climax of the Jacobite Rising when the forces of Charles Edward Stewart were roundly defeated by British government troops led by William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. The battleground is marked by a series of memorial cairns.
The first major defeat of the English in the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Battle of Stirling Bridge was fought on September 11, 1297, and ended with victory for the armies of Andrew Moray and William Wallace. The landmark Wallace Monument (pictured) overlooking the city of Stirling commemorates the battle.
Omaha (pictured), one of the five sectors of Normandy beachhead chosen by the Allies for the June 6, 1944 D-Day landings, witnessed some of the fiercest fighting, with American forces alone suffering 2,400 casualties. Several memorials landmark all five sectors where the Allies waded ashore.
The Somme battlefields on the Western Front serve as a reminder of one of the deadliest battles in human history. More than one million men fell during the First World War offensive, which took place between July 1 and November 18, 1916 near the Somme river in France. The remains of some of the trenches have been preserved, a landscape that tell its own story.
This is the place where Armageddon will be fought. The word Armageddon is derived from the place Megiddo.
Megiddo is mentioned twelve times in the Old Testament, ten times in reference to the ancient city of Megiddo, and twice with reference to "the plain of Megiddo", most probably simply meaning "the plain next to the city"
The immensity of the plain is so astonishing that when Napoleon Bonaparte first viewed it, he was reported to have said: “All the armies of the world could maneuver their forces on this vast plain...There is no place in the whole world more suited for war that this...[It is] the most natural battleground of the whole earth” (Cline 2002: 142).
Also known as the Battle of Bosworth Field, this was the last significant engagement of the War of the Roses, a series of 15th-century English civil wars that lasted a protracted 32 years. Bosworth took place on August 22, 1485 near Ambion Hill in Leicestershire. The battlefield is clearly way signed.
A last-ditch attempt by the Nazis to seize the upper hand ultimately failed at the Battle of the Bulge, which took place in sub-zero temperatures in and around the densely forested Ardennes region in Belgium and Luxembourg from December 16, 1944 to January 25, 1945. The battle cost the Reich some 100,000 casualties; the Americans approximately 81,000. Various memorials can be found set in and around the woodland.
Union and Confederate forces clashed at Chickamauga, Georgia, on September 18, 1863, in what proved to be the most significant defeat for the Union Army in the American Civil War's Western Theater. With losses on each side amounting to 34,000 killed and wounded. The battlefield, which also preserves the site of the Siege of Chattanooga and is a National Military Park, is marked by several monuments and commemorative cannons.
Vicksburg is where Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove out Confederate forces led by John C. Pemberton during a major military engagement that lasted from May 18– July 4, 1863. The Vicksburg National Military Park preserves key sites on the various battlegrounds.
The landing by troops from the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) at Gaba Tepe on April 25, 1915 marked the beginning of the land phase of the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War. After wading ashore at a location later named Anzac Cove, the British Empire forces came under sustained fire from well dug-in Ottoman Turkish defenders. Since 1916, April 25 has been celebrated as Anzac Day.