Delta may be the most concerning variant right now, but none are yet considered "variants of high consequence."
The virus that causes COVID-19 has been a successful one from an evolutionary perspective, getting to see the world and expanding its little family tree. (Its been successful from its point of view; not so much from ours.) This means that variants of the virus have popped up in several different locations, and some are “variants of concern” that are more transmissible or potentially could be more harmful. Let’s do a rundown of the ones you should know about.
When we last wrote about the variants, they had hard-to-remember code names, and scientists often talked about the codes for the mutations they contained, which made for a lot of confusion as we tried to keep straight which was which. As a result, people often used geographical nicknames (eg, “the South Africa variant,”) which is
problematic on many levels—not least because viruses travel, so any place name will be quickly out-of-date.
COVID variants of concern
The variants
have now been renamed after Greek letters, to make them easier to talk about and keep track of. The first four are considered “variants of concern,” which means they may be more transmissible, more virulent, or that they may be better at evading public health measures than the other versions of the virus. There are those four:
Alpha
The “Alpha” variant, B.1.1.7, was first detected in the U.K. in September 2020. It was among the first variants to make headlines, and it’s estimated to be 50% more transmissible than previous versions of the virus. It is
currently the dominant strain in the US. Fortunately, people who are vaccinated with Pfizer or Moderna or who previously had another strain of COVID seem to
be able to fight it off just fine. Tests with other vaccines have not yet been published, but the data we have is reassuring. For example, the study on the Pfizer vaccine found that it was 90% effective against this variant.
Beta
The “Beta” variant, B.1.351, was first detected in South Africa in May 2020. It was associated with higher levels of hospitalization and death than original COVID. The Pfizer vaccine’s efficacy against Beta is just 75%, but
that jumps up to 97.4% when you’re looking at severe or fatal cases, so the vaccine is still very helpful.
Gamma
The “Gamma” variant, P.1, was first detected in Brazil in November 2020. Gamma is more transmissible than original COVID, but less so than Alpha. Previous infection with COVID
may provide less protection from Gamma than from other strains. Fortunately, it’s not spreading as fast as other variants. Studies in areas with both Alpha and Gamma found that Alpha tended to become more prevalent over time, while Gamma did not.
Delta
The “Delta” variant, B.1.617.2, was first detected in India in October 2020. In April of this year it was considered a variant of interest—more on that category below—and was upgraded to a variant of concern in May. This is the variant currently seen as the most concerning.
Delta is more transmissible than the other variants (even compared to Alpha), and it may be more likely to cause severe illness. The Pfizer vaccine seems to be slightly less effective against Delta than Alpha, but
it’s still strongly protective once you’ve gotten both doses.
Variants of Interest
Variants of interest aren’t as big a deal as variants of concern—yet. They have mutations that are “established or suspected” to cause the virus to behave differently, and to be recognized, they also have to be spreading in the community or otherwise be judged to be of interest to scientists (so an isolated virus in the lab or in a handful of isolated cases may not qualify). These include:
- The “Epsilon” variants, B.1.427 and B.1.429, first seen in the United States in March 2020
- The “Zeta” variant, P.2, first seen in Brazil in April 2020
- The “Eta” variant, B.1.525, first seen in multiple countries in December 2020
- The “Theta” variant, P.3, first seen in the Philippines in January 2021
- The “Iota” variant, B.1.526, first seen in the United States in November 2020
- The “Kappa” variant, B.1.617.1, first seen in India in October 2020
- The “Lambda” variant, B.1.617.1, first seen in Peru in August 2020
How much should I worry?
So far, none of the variants are drastically different from original COVID; our vaccines and public health measures seem to work well against the variants, even if some may be slightly less effective. These aren’t game changers, just reasons to be a little extra cautious. Scientists are paying close attention to how these variants spread and how well protected we are against them.
For now, it’s still best to get vaccinated if you can, and wear masks and observe other public health measures if you aren’t vaccinated. You may also choose to continue wearing masks if you’re vaccinated, if you’re feeling especially cautious, but the risk of getting sick from a variant is still probably very low.
Besides the variants of interest and variants of concern, there is
another category, according to the CDC: “variants of high consequence.”This would be used for any variants that can dodge diagnostic tests, significantly reduce vaccine effectiveness, or result in much more serious disease. So far, none of the COVID variants qualify.
