https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2019-08-24/doc-ihytcitn1520672.shtml
中俄轰炸机首次联合巡逻 俄专家：助华抵抗美军事威胁
2019年08月24日 09:42 环球网
769
[环球时报综合报道]俄罗斯政府公布决议，将根据国防部建议，与中方就拟定新的军事合作协定开展谈判。俄中首次远程轰炸机联合巡逻在日本海海域举行。巡逻时曾发生俄罗斯A-50预警机可能侵犯韩国争议岛屿独岛附近领空的争议。但即使存在越境行为，其本身显然是技术性的，对地区形势几无影响。
1993年俄中军事合作协议
俄罗斯政府1993年10月11日决议批准的俄中国防部协议目前仍有效。这是一个内容相对简单、抽象的协议，其核心是为两国军事技术合作创造条件。当时这种合作实际上是双边关系的基础。俄中两国在国际问题上的政治互动初现开端，联合军演则是不可想象的。
俄中在1993年协议确定的合作领域中提到了人员培训、经验交流、关于武器和军事装备维护的信息交流和互助，开展联合研究和军事纪念活动。
一方面，协议没有明确规定举行联合军演的问题，只提到相互邀请对方代表参加本国演习。另一方面，虽然合作形式清单有限，但协议结尾以“相互商定的其他形式”予以了补充。因此，双方迄今只是对1993年协议做出新的补充安排。双方每年12月1日前都通过下一年的合作计划，包含发展协作的具体措施。
新的军事合作协议的必要性
但是，中国人民解放军和俄罗斯军队之间的直接合作从质和量来讲都早已进入新的水平。两军部队每年举行多项大规模联合演习，并筹备举行其他联合行动。两军总参谋部之间也已建立了战略问题协商机制。
在军事技术合作领域，武器贸易已经过渡到联合研发和有限生产合作。显然，1993年基础协议中缺乏的关于所有这些问题的正式互动程序，妨碍了合作规划，使之缺少坚实的法律基础。在此情况下，双方在讨论下一年度计划时都更容易掌握灵活性。
在过去，这可能完全符合俄中双方的利益。俄中两国直到不久前都有人把对方视为对美复杂政治游戏的平衡器。这在两国与美国之间有着复杂的多层面关系，并且合作和竞争因素相交织时是可行的。俄罗斯是第一个与美国进入长期系统性对抗的国家。
目前的合作水平及其意义
如今，随着国际形势的变化，签署新的长期协议的条件出现了。两国现有军事合作的许多内容将在新协议中被阐明并固定下来，如海军联合演习、战区内反导联合演习，或者参加对方的战略演习。还可能出现一些新的方向，如不久前的空军联合巡逻，或者在战略反导防御领域的合作。
在此背景下，7月23日的联合巡逻意义重大，因为这表明俄罗斯打算积极参与中国在亚洲的对美军事威慑。参与巡逻的包括中国空军轰-6K轰炸机、俄罗斯空军图-95MS轰炸机以及两国预警机。预警机的任务可能是记录韩日空军对俄中飞机出现的反应，以获得侦察信息。
通过近年来的技术升级，俄罗斯战略轰炸机提升了使用高精度非核武器的能力。他们联合中国同行在太平洋上空执行任务，即使两国间没有正式同盟关系，也会迫使某些方面重新审视该地区潜在冲突的前景。也就是说，中国空军的打击能力获得了大幅提高，这要求美国及其盟友作出某些代价高昂的反应，俄中却无需任何额外代价。
在将对华合作提高到新水平问题上，俄方最重要的任务是保持其特定领域的专业化。与此同时，当前俄美关系和中美关系的性质，使在针对美国基础上的俄中军事合作增长成为必然。（作者为俄罗斯科学院远东研究所中国军工企业问题专家）
本文刊载自《环球时报》“透视俄罗斯”专刊，内容由《俄罗斯报》提供。
Sino-Russian bomber joint patrol for the first time Russian experts: help China resist US military threat
August 24, 2019 09:42 Global Network
769
[Global Times Comprehensive Report] The Russian government announced a resolution to conduct negotiations with China on the drafting of a new military cooperation agreement based on the recommendations of the Ministry of National Defense. The first joint long-range bomber patrol between Russia and China was held in the sea of Japan. During the patrol, there was a dispute that the Russian A-50 early warning aircraft might invade the airspace near Dokdo, a disputed island in South Korea. But even if there is a transboundary act, it is obviously technical in itself and has little impact on the regional situation.
Russian-Chinese military cooperation agreement in 1993
The agreement between the Russian and Chinese Defense Ministry approved by the Russian government on October 11, 1993 is still valid. This is a relatively simple and abstract protocol, the core of which is to create conditions for military and technical cooperation between the two countries. At the time, such cooperation was actually the basis of bilateral relations. The political interaction between Russia and China on international issues is beginning to take off, and joint military exercises are unthinkable.
In the areas of cooperation identified by the 1993 agreement, Russia and China mentioned personnel training, exchange of experience, information exchange and mutual assistance on weapons and military equipment maintenance, joint research and military commemoration activities.
On the one hand, the agreement does not explicitly stipulate the issue of holding joint military exercises. It only mentions that each other is invited to participate in national exercises. On the other hand, although the list of forms of cooperation is limited, the end of the agreement is supplemented by “other forms of mutual agreement”. Therefore, the two sides have so far only made new supplementary arrangements for the 1993 agreement. The two sides will adopt the cooperation plan for the next year before December 1 each year, including specific measures for development cooperation.
The necessity of a new military cooperation agreement
However, the direct cooperation between the Chinese People's Liberation Army and the Russian army has already entered a new level in terms of quality and quantity. The two armies hold a number of large-scale joint exercises each year and are preparing for other joint operations. A consultation mechanism for strategic issues has also been established between the General Staff of the two armed forces.
In the field of military technology cooperation, the arms trade has transitioned to joint research and development and limited production cooperation. Clearly, the formal interactive procedures on all of these issues that were lacking in the 1993 Basic Agreement hampered cooperative planning and left it without a solid legal foundation. In this case, it is easier for both parties to gain flexibility when discussing the next year's plan.
In the past, this may be in full compliance with the interests of both Russia and China. It was not until recently that Russia and China saw each other as a balancer of complex political games against the United States. This has a complex multi-faceted relationship between the two countries and the United States, and cooperation and competition factors are intertwined. Russia is the first country to enter into a long-term systematic confrontation with the United States.
Current level of cooperation and its significance
Now, with the changes in the international situation, the conditions for signing new long-term agreements have emerged. Many of the existing military cooperation between the two countries will be clarified and fixed in the new agreement, such as joint naval exercises, joint anti-missile exercises in the theater, or participation in each other's strategic exercises. There may also be new directions, such as the recent Air Force joint patrols or cooperation in the field of strategic anti-missile defense.
In this context, the joint patrol on July 23 is significant because it shows that Russia intends to actively participate in China's military deterrence against the United States in Asia. The patrols included the Chinese Air Force H-6K bomber, the Russian Air Force Tu-95MS bomber and the two countries' early warning aircraft. The mission of the AWACS may be to record the response of the Korean-Japanese Air Force to the Russian-Chinese aircraft to obtain reconnaissance information.
Through technological upgrades in recent years, Russian strategic bombers have improved their ability to use high-precision non-nuclear weapons. Together with their Chinese counterparts to carry out missions over the Pacific Ocean, even if there is no formal alliance between the two countries, it will force some parties to re-examine the prospects of potential conflicts in the region. In other words, the Chinese Air Force's strike capability has been greatly improved, which requires the United States and its allies to make some costly reactions, without any additional cost.
On the issue of raising cooperation with China to a new level, Russia's most important task is to maintain its specialization in specific areas. At the same time, the current nature of Russia-US relations and Sino-US relations has made the growth of Russian-Chinese military cooperation on the basis of the United States inevitable. (The author is an expert on Chinese military industrial enterprises at the Far East Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences)
This article is published in the "Global Journal" "Perspective Russia" special issue, the content is provided by the "Russian newspaper".
中俄轰炸机首次联合巡逻 俄专家：助华抵抗美军事威胁
2019年08月24日 09:42 环球网
769
[环球时报综合报道]俄罗斯政府公布决议，将根据国防部建议，与中方就拟定新的军事合作协定开展谈判。俄中首次远程轰炸机联合巡逻在日本海海域举行。巡逻时曾发生俄罗斯A-50预警机可能侵犯韩国争议岛屿独岛附近领空的争议。但即使存在越境行为，其本身显然是技术性的，对地区形势几无影响。
1993年俄中军事合作协议
俄罗斯政府1993年10月11日决议批准的俄中国防部协议目前仍有效。这是一个内容相对简单、抽象的协议，其核心是为两国军事技术合作创造条件。当时这种合作实际上是双边关系的基础。俄中两国在国际问题上的政治互动初现开端，联合军演则是不可想象的。
俄中在1993年协议确定的合作领域中提到了人员培训、经验交流、关于武器和军事装备维护的信息交流和互助，开展联合研究和军事纪念活动。
一方面，协议没有明确规定举行联合军演的问题，只提到相互邀请对方代表参加本国演习。另一方面，虽然合作形式清单有限，但协议结尾以“相互商定的其他形式”予以了补充。因此，双方迄今只是对1993年协议做出新的补充安排。双方每年12月1日前都通过下一年的合作计划，包含发展协作的具体措施。
新的军事合作协议的必要性
但是，中国人民解放军和俄罗斯军队之间的直接合作从质和量来讲都早已进入新的水平。两军部队每年举行多项大规模联合演习，并筹备举行其他联合行动。两军总参谋部之间也已建立了战略问题协商机制。
在军事技术合作领域，武器贸易已经过渡到联合研发和有限生产合作。显然，1993年基础协议中缺乏的关于所有这些问题的正式互动程序，妨碍了合作规划，使之缺少坚实的法律基础。在此情况下，双方在讨论下一年度计划时都更容易掌握灵活性。
在过去，这可能完全符合俄中双方的利益。俄中两国直到不久前都有人把对方视为对美复杂政治游戏的平衡器。这在两国与美国之间有着复杂的多层面关系，并且合作和竞争因素相交织时是可行的。俄罗斯是第一个与美国进入长期系统性对抗的国家。
目前的合作水平及其意义
如今，随着国际形势的变化，签署新的长期协议的条件出现了。两国现有军事合作的许多内容将在新协议中被阐明并固定下来，如海军联合演习、战区内反导联合演习，或者参加对方的战略演习。还可能出现一些新的方向，如不久前的空军联合巡逻，或者在战略反导防御领域的合作。
在此背景下，7月23日的联合巡逻意义重大，因为这表明俄罗斯打算积极参与中国在亚洲的对美军事威慑。参与巡逻的包括中国空军轰-6K轰炸机、俄罗斯空军图-95MS轰炸机以及两国预警机。预警机的任务可能是记录韩日空军对俄中飞机出现的反应，以获得侦察信息。
通过近年来的技术升级，俄罗斯战略轰炸机提升了使用高精度非核武器的能力。他们联合中国同行在太平洋上空执行任务，即使两国间没有正式同盟关系，也会迫使某些方面重新审视该地区潜在冲突的前景。也就是说，中国空军的打击能力获得了大幅提高，这要求美国及其盟友作出某些代价高昂的反应，俄中却无需任何额外代价。
在将对华合作提高到新水平问题上，俄方最重要的任务是保持其特定领域的专业化。与此同时，当前俄美关系和中美关系的性质，使在针对美国基础上的俄中军事合作增长成为必然。（作者为俄罗斯科学院远东研究所中国军工企业问题专家）
本文刊载自《环球时报》“透视俄罗斯”专刊，内容由《俄罗斯报》提供。
Sino-Russian bomber joint patrol for the first time Russian experts: help China resist US military threat
August 24, 2019 09:42 Global Network
769
[Global Times Comprehensive Report] The Russian government announced a resolution to conduct negotiations with China on the drafting of a new military cooperation agreement based on the recommendations of the Ministry of National Defense. The first joint long-range bomber patrol between Russia and China was held in the sea of Japan. During the patrol, there was a dispute that the Russian A-50 early warning aircraft might invade the airspace near Dokdo, a disputed island in South Korea. But even if there is a transboundary act, it is obviously technical in itself and has little impact on the regional situation.
Russian-Chinese military cooperation agreement in 1993
The agreement between the Russian and Chinese Defense Ministry approved by the Russian government on October 11, 1993 is still valid. This is a relatively simple and abstract protocol, the core of which is to create conditions for military and technical cooperation between the two countries. At the time, such cooperation was actually the basis of bilateral relations. The political interaction between Russia and China on international issues is beginning to take off, and joint military exercises are unthinkable.
In the areas of cooperation identified by the 1993 agreement, Russia and China mentioned personnel training, exchange of experience, information exchange and mutual assistance on weapons and military equipment maintenance, joint research and military commemoration activities.
On the one hand, the agreement does not explicitly stipulate the issue of holding joint military exercises. It only mentions that each other is invited to participate in national exercises. On the other hand, although the list of forms of cooperation is limited, the end of the agreement is supplemented by “other forms of mutual agreement”. Therefore, the two sides have so far only made new supplementary arrangements for the 1993 agreement. The two sides will adopt the cooperation plan for the next year before December 1 each year, including specific measures for development cooperation.
The necessity of a new military cooperation agreement
However, the direct cooperation between the Chinese People's Liberation Army and the Russian army has already entered a new level in terms of quality and quantity. The two armies hold a number of large-scale joint exercises each year and are preparing for other joint operations. A consultation mechanism for strategic issues has also been established between the General Staff of the two armed forces.
In the field of military technology cooperation, the arms trade has transitioned to joint research and development and limited production cooperation. Clearly, the formal interactive procedures on all of these issues that were lacking in the 1993 Basic Agreement hampered cooperative planning and left it without a solid legal foundation. In this case, it is easier for both parties to gain flexibility when discussing the next year's plan.
In the past, this may be in full compliance with the interests of both Russia and China. It was not until recently that Russia and China saw each other as a balancer of complex political games against the United States. This has a complex multi-faceted relationship between the two countries and the United States, and cooperation and competition factors are intertwined. Russia is the first country to enter into a long-term systematic confrontation with the United States.
Current level of cooperation and its significance
Now, with the changes in the international situation, the conditions for signing new long-term agreements have emerged. Many of the existing military cooperation between the two countries will be clarified and fixed in the new agreement, such as joint naval exercises, joint anti-missile exercises in the theater, or participation in each other's strategic exercises. There may also be new directions, such as the recent Air Force joint patrols or cooperation in the field of strategic anti-missile defense.
In this context, the joint patrol on July 23 is significant because it shows that Russia intends to actively participate in China's military deterrence against the United States in Asia. The patrols included the Chinese Air Force H-6K bomber, the Russian Air Force Tu-95MS bomber and the two countries' early warning aircraft. The mission of the AWACS may be to record the response of the Korean-Japanese Air Force to the Russian-Chinese aircraft to obtain reconnaissance information.
Through technological upgrades in recent years, Russian strategic bombers have improved their ability to use high-precision non-nuclear weapons. Together with their Chinese counterparts to carry out missions over the Pacific Ocean, even if there is no formal alliance between the two countries, it will force some parties to re-examine the prospects of potential conflicts in the region. In other words, the Chinese Air Force's strike capability has been greatly improved, which requires the United States and its allies to make some costly reactions, without any additional cost.
On the issue of raising cooperation with China to a new level, Russia's most important task is to maintain its specialization in specific areas. At the same time, the current nature of Russia-US relations and Sino-US relations has made the growth of Russian-Chinese military cooperation on the basis of the United States inevitable. (The author is an expert on Chinese military industrial enterprises at the Far East Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences)
This article is published in the "Global Journal" "Perspective Russia" special issue, the content is provided by the "Russian newspaper".
