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[h=2]Why so afraid of “Human Rights”? (Part 1)[/h]
November 10th, 2012 |
Author: Contributions
I refer to the article “SMU
pulls plug on human rights centre” (Today, Nov 3).
It states that “Sources told TODAY that the setting up of the centre would
have raised many red flags, not least its name and the fact that it was largely
funded by a foreigner.
“Human rights remain a topic that has to be carefully managed in Singapore.
The Centre would lack credibility if it critiques the human rights situation in
other countries but not Singapore’s.” a source said.”
National Conversation afraid of Singaporeans’ human
rights?
Why are we so afraid of “human rights”? Why are we even
trying to engage in a National Conversation, when we seem to be even afraid to
have critiques of Singapore?
The irony may be its not so much that “The Centre would lack credibility if
it critiques the human rights situation in other countries but not Singapore’s”,
but rather that in this saga, Singapore and its institutions may have lost all
credibility instead!
Afraid of foreign funding: Really?
As to “We are not quite ready yet for foreign funding, to be matched by a
matching grant from the Government, on human rights research. It is a prudent
move by SMU but one wonders how things went as far as they did before the plug
was pulled. There were just too many red flags. The embarrassment could have
been avoided.”” – There are other “Centres” in the universities that are funded
by foreigners. So, clearly the issue is not one of foreign funding.
No transparency and accountability?
With regard to “TODAY sent queries to the Ministry of Education (MOE) asking
when it came to know of the centre and whether the Government had stepped in on
the matter.
In response, an MOE spokesperson would only say: “We were informed by the SMU
that it had decided not to go ahead with the launch of the centre.”, this may
speak volumes about the utter disregard for transpareny and accountability in
Singapore.
So, let’s get back to the fundamental question as to why we are so afraid of
“human rights”?
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(ICESCR)
The following may be some areas of concern with reference to specific
articles in the United Nations Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR) and theInternational Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) :-
(Note: Much of the following is extracted from my article “Singaporeans’
rights to social security and public housing”, theonlinecitizen, May 14,
2010)
Social security (CPF)
Singaporean workers have to make mandatory contributions of up to 36 per cent
of their wages to their own individual pension accounts (the Central Provident
Fund accounts).
The Government issues non-marketable government bonds at 2.5 and 4 per cent
to take over CPF funds, by matching the interest rates of 2.5 and 4 per cent
paid by the CPF Board to the various types of CPF accounts.
There is no transparency as to how the government uses CPF funds. Presumably,
most of these funds end up or have previously ended up in the coffers of the
Government Investment Corporation (GIC) and Temasek Holdings (TH).
We know that GIC and TH have indicated historical shareholder returns of
about 6 and 18 per cent per annum respectively. Yet the CPF Board pays only 2.5
per cent on Ordinary Accounts (generally about two-thirds of CPF contributions)
and about 4 per cent (about one-third of CPF contributions) on Special and
Medisave accounts. This discrepancy may undermine Singaporeans’ access to
adequate social security.
This access is regarded as a component of people’s economic and social rights
by the United Nations, as provided under Article 9 of the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).
In November 2007, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
clarified its interpretation of what constituted the State’s obligations with
regards to ICESCR’s Article 9. It said in paragraph 45 of its General Comments
19: “The obligation to protect requires that State parties prevent third parties
from interfering in any way with the enjoyment of the right to social security.
Third parties include individuals, groups, corporations and other entities, as
well as agents acting under their authority.”
“The obligation includes…adopting the necessary and effective legislative and
other measures, for example, to restrain third parties from denying equal access
to social security schemes operated by them or by others…arbitrarily or
unreasonably interfering with self-help or customary or traditional arrangements
for social security that are consistent with the right to social security…”
GIC and TH, being sovereign wealth funds, are third parties under the
government’s authority. Their apparent access to CPF monies for the purposes of
investment could result in interferences to the disbursement of returns on CPF
accounts. Indeed, the discrepancy in the returns enjoyed by GIC and TH
shareholders and the CPF members can be regarded as interference.
The Committee added on paragraph 46: “To prevent such abuses an effective
regulatory system must be established which includes framework legislation,
independent monitoring, genuine public participation and imposition of penalties
for non-compliance.”
The absence of transparency on the access enjoyed by the GIC and TH to CPF
monies is arguably in contravention to these obligations.
The ICESCR was first adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 1966 and
came into force in January 1976. To date, there are 160 parties and 69
signatories to the treaty. Singapore is not a signitory to the ICESCR.
Public housing (HDB)
The Government has consistently refused to provide the break-down of the
costs of building public housing (HDB flats), despite questions being posed in
Parliament and newspaper forums almost every year.
By pricing new HDB flats under a “Market Subsidy Pricing” policy, which pegs
prices of new flats to a purported discount to resale market prices, the
affordability of public housing has increasingly become an issue.
Singapore has arguably one of the highest public housing loan delinquency
rates in the world, with about 7 per cent of public housing loans being in
delinquency of over three months (based on last available public information),
as well as one of the highest public housing prices in terms of the ratio of
prices to median wages.
The lack of transparency over the pricing of public housing and the amount of
profit made by the Government has undermined Singaporeans’ access to affordable
public housing. It is also a failure with regards to the accountability and
transparency of the national housing policy.
The access to affordable public housing is regarded as a component of
people’s economic and social rights by the United Nations, as provided under
Article 11 of the ICESCR.
In December 1991, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
clarified its interpretation of what constituted the State’s obligations with
regards to ICESCR’s Article 11. It said in paragraph 8 of its General Comments
4: “Steps should be taken by States parties to ensure that the percentage of
housing-related costs is, in general, commensurate with income levels.”
The UN’s definition of the right to adequate housing is further explained in
its fact sheet, produced by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human
Rights.
The following are some of the key definitions and clarifications on the right
to adequate housing as stated in the fact sheet, and our clarification as to how
Singapore’s public housing policy may be infringing on this right:
(from page 4 of the fact sheet)
I A – “Affordability: housing is not adequate if its cost threatens or
compromises the occupants’ enjoyment of other human rights”
Rising public housing prices could in some cases force people to make choices
between housing and other basic needs.
(from page 33 of the fact sheet)
III B – The obligation to fulfil – “The obligation to fulfil requires States
to adopt appropriate legislative, administrative, budgetary, judicial,
promotional and other measures to fully realize the right to adequate housing.
States must, for instance, adopt a national housing policy or a national housing
plan that: defines the objectives for the development of the housing sector,
with a focus on disadvantaged and marginalized groups; identifies the resources
available to meet these goals; specifies the most cost-effective way of using
them…”
(from page 37 of the fact sheet)
IV A. National accountability and monitoring – “Accountability compels a
State to explain what it is doing and why and how it is moving towards the
realization of the right to adequate housing for all as expeditiously and
effectively as possible. International human rights law does not prescribe an
exact formula for domestic mechanisms of accountability and redress. At a
minimum, all accountability mechanisms must be accessible, transparent and
effective.”
The Government’s lack of transparency in terms of pricing policy fails to
meet this obligation to be accountable.
(from page 38 of the fact sheet)
Administrative, policy and political mechanisms
“Administrative and political mechanisms are complementary or a parallel
means to judicial mechanisms of accountability. For instance, the development of
a national housing policy or strategy, linked to work plans and participatory
budgets, plays an important role in ensuring Government accountability. Human
rights-based indicators support the effective monitoring of key housing outcomes
and some of the processes to achieve them. Furthermore, assessments of various
kinds, such as human rights impact assessments, offer a way for policymakers to
anticipate the likely impact of a projected policy and later to review its
actual impact on the enjoyment of the right to adequate housing.”
“Political mechanisms, such as democratic processes, and monitoring and
advocacy by independent actors also contribute to accountability. Civil society
organizations and others are increasingly using monitoring methods based on
indicators, benchmarks, impact assessments and budgetary analysis to hold
Governments accountable in relation to the right to adequate housing.”
The Government’s lack of transparency in terms of detailed housing data –
such as detailed median figures on Cash-over-valuation (COV) levels, costs of
constructing public housing – fails to meet this obligation to allow democratic
processes and independent actors to participate in policy monitoring. The result
is a lack of accountability.
.
Leong Sze Hian
Leong Sze Hian is the Past President of the Society of Financial Service
Professionals, an alumnus of Harvard University, Wharton Fellow, SEACeM Fellow
and an author of 4 books. He is frequently quoted in the media. He has also been
invited to speak more than 100 times in 25 countries on 5 continents. He has
served as Honorary Consul of Jamaica, Chairman of the Institute of
Administrative Management, and founding advisor to the Financial Planning
Associations of Brunei and Indonesia. He has 3 Masters, 2 Bachelors degrees and
13 professional qualifications. He blogs at http://www.leongszehian.com.
pulls plug on human rights centre” (Today, Nov 3).
It states that “Sources told TODAY that the setting up of the centre would
have raised many red flags, not least its name and the fact that it was largely
funded by a foreigner.
“Human rights remain a topic that has to be carefully managed in Singapore.
The Centre would lack credibility if it critiques the human rights situation in
other countries but not Singapore’s.” a source said.”
National Conversation afraid of Singaporeans’ human
rights?
Why are we so afraid of “human rights”? Why are we even
trying to engage in a National Conversation, when we seem to be even afraid to
have critiques of Singapore?
The irony may be its not so much that “The Centre would lack credibility if
it critiques the human rights situation in other countries but not Singapore’s”,
but rather that in this saga, Singapore and its institutions may have lost all
credibility instead!
Afraid of foreign funding: Really?
As to “We are not quite ready yet for foreign funding, to be matched by a
matching grant from the Government, on human rights research. It is a prudent
move by SMU but one wonders how things went as far as they did before the plug
was pulled. There were just too many red flags. The embarrassment could have
been avoided.”” – There are other “Centres” in the universities that are funded
by foreigners. So, clearly the issue is not one of foreign funding.
No transparency and accountability?
With regard to “TODAY sent queries to the Ministry of Education (MOE) asking
when it came to know of the centre and whether the Government had stepped in on
the matter.
In response, an MOE spokesperson would only say: “We were informed by the SMU
that it had decided not to go ahead with the launch of the centre.”, this may
speak volumes about the utter disregard for transpareny and accountability in
Singapore.
So, let’s get back to the fundamental question as to why we are so afraid of
“human rights”?
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(ICESCR)
The following may be some areas of concern with reference to specific
articles in the United Nations Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR) and theInternational Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) :-
(Note: Much of the following is extracted from my article “Singaporeans’
rights to social security and public housing”, theonlinecitizen, May 14,
2010)
Social security (CPF)
Singaporean workers have to make mandatory contributions of up to 36 per cent
of their wages to their own individual pension accounts (the Central Provident
Fund accounts).
The Government issues non-marketable government bonds at 2.5 and 4 per cent
to take over CPF funds, by matching the interest rates of 2.5 and 4 per cent
paid by the CPF Board to the various types of CPF accounts.
There is no transparency as to how the government uses CPF funds. Presumably,
most of these funds end up or have previously ended up in the coffers of the
Government Investment Corporation (GIC) and Temasek Holdings (TH).
We know that GIC and TH have indicated historical shareholder returns of
about 6 and 18 per cent per annum respectively. Yet the CPF Board pays only 2.5
per cent on Ordinary Accounts (generally about two-thirds of CPF contributions)
and about 4 per cent (about one-third of CPF contributions) on Special and
Medisave accounts. This discrepancy may undermine Singaporeans’ access to
adequate social security.
This access is regarded as a component of people’s economic and social rights
by the United Nations, as provided under Article 9 of the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).
In November 2007, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
clarified its interpretation of what constituted the State’s obligations with
regards to ICESCR’s Article 9. It said in paragraph 45 of its General Comments
19: “The obligation to protect requires that State parties prevent third parties
from interfering in any way with the enjoyment of the right to social security.
Third parties include individuals, groups, corporations and other entities, as
well as agents acting under their authority.”
“The obligation includes…adopting the necessary and effective legislative and
other measures, for example, to restrain third parties from denying equal access
to social security schemes operated by them or by others…arbitrarily or
unreasonably interfering with self-help or customary or traditional arrangements
for social security that are consistent with the right to social security…”
GIC and TH, being sovereign wealth funds, are third parties under the
government’s authority. Their apparent access to CPF monies for the purposes of
investment could result in interferences to the disbursement of returns on CPF
accounts. Indeed, the discrepancy in the returns enjoyed by GIC and TH
shareholders and the CPF members can be regarded as interference.
The Committee added on paragraph 46: “To prevent such abuses an effective
regulatory system must be established which includes framework legislation,
independent monitoring, genuine public participation and imposition of penalties
for non-compliance.”
The absence of transparency on the access enjoyed by the GIC and TH to CPF
monies is arguably in contravention to these obligations.
The ICESCR was first adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 1966 and
came into force in January 1976. To date, there are 160 parties and 69
signatories to the treaty. Singapore is not a signitory to the ICESCR.
Public housing (HDB)
The Government has consistently refused to provide the break-down of the
costs of building public housing (HDB flats), despite questions being posed in
Parliament and newspaper forums almost every year.
By pricing new HDB flats under a “Market Subsidy Pricing” policy, which pegs
prices of new flats to a purported discount to resale market prices, the
affordability of public housing has increasingly become an issue.
Singapore has arguably one of the highest public housing loan delinquency
rates in the world, with about 7 per cent of public housing loans being in
delinquency of over three months (based on last available public information),
as well as one of the highest public housing prices in terms of the ratio of
prices to median wages.
The lack of transparency over the pricing of public housing and the amount of
profit made by the Government has undermined Singaporeans’ access to affordable
public housing. It is also a failure with regards to the accountability and
transparency of the national housing policy.
The access to affordable public housing is regarded as a component of
people’s economic and social rights by the United Nations, as provided under
Article 11 of the ICESCR.
In December 1991, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
clarified its interpretation of what constituted the State’s obligations with
regards to ICESCR’s Article 11. It said in paragraph 8 of its General Comments
4: “Steps should be taken by States parties to ensure that the percentage of
housing-related costs is, in general, commensurate with income levels.”
The UN’s definition of the right to adequate housing is further explained in
its fact sheet, produced by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human
Rights.
The following are some of the key definitions and clarifications on the right
to adequate housing as stated in the fact sheet, and our clarification as to how
Singapore’s public housing policy may be infringing on this right:
(from page 4 of the fact sheet)
I A – “Affordability: housing is not adequate if its cost threatens or
compromises the occupants’ enjoyment of other human rights”
Rising public housing prices could in some cases force people to make choices
between housing and other basic needs.
(from page 33 of the fact sheet)
III B – The obligation to fulfil – “The obligation to fulfil requires States
to adopt appropriate legislative, administrative, budgetary, judicial,
promotional and other measures to fully realize the right to adequate housing.
States must, for instance, adopt a national housing policy or a national housing
plan that: defines the objectives for the development of the housing sector,
with a focus on disadvantaged and marginalized groups; identifies the resources
available to meet these goals; specifies the most cost-effective way of using
them…”
(from page 37 of the fact sheet)
IV A. National accountability and monitoring – “Accountability compels a
State to explain what it is doing and why and how it is moving towards the
realization of the right to adequate housing for all as expeditiously and
effectively as possible. International human rights law does not prescribe an
exact formula for domestic mechanisms of accountability and redress. At a
minimum, all accountability mechanisms must be accessible, transparent and
effective.”
The Government’s lack of transparency in terms of pricing policy fails to
meet this obligation to be accountable.
(from page 38 of the fact sheet)
Administrative, policy and political mechanisms
“Administrative and political mechanisms are complementary or a parallel
means to judicial mechanisms of accountability. For instance, the development of
a national housing policy or strategy, linked to work plans and participatory
budgets, plays an important role in ensuring Government accountability. Human
rights-based indicators support the effective monitoring of key housing outcomes
and some of the processes to achieve them. Furthermore, assessments of various
kinds, such as human rights impact assessments, offer a way for policymakers to
anticipate the likely impact of a projected policy and later to review its
actual impact on the enjoyment of the right to adequate housing.”
“Political mechanisms, such as democratic processes, and monitoring and
advocacy by independent actors also contribute to accountability. Civil society
organizations and others are increasingly using monitoring methods based on
indicators, benchmarks, impact assessments and budgetary analysis to hold
Governments accountable in relation to the right to adequate housing.”
The Government’s lack of transparency in terms of detailed housing data –
such as detailed median figures on Cash-over-valuation (COV) levels, costs of
constructing public housing – fails to meet this obligation to allow democratic
processes and independent actors to participate in policy monitoring. The result
is a lack of accountability.
.
Leong Sze Hian
Leong Sze Hian is the Past President of the Society of Financial Service
Professionals, an alumnus of Harvard University, Wharton Fellow, SEACeM Fellow
and an author of 4 books. He is frequently quoted in the media. He has also been
invited to speak more than 100 times in 25 countries on 5 continents. He has
served as Honorary Consul of Jamaica, Chairman of the Institute of
Administrative Management, and founding advisor to the Financial Planning
Associations of Brunei and Indonesia. He has 3 Masters, 2 Bachelors degrees and
13 professional qualifications. He blogs at http://www.leongszehian.com.
LKY
