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https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2019/07/16/staten-island-con-edison-power-outage/


Power Restored On Staten Island After Outage Leaves Thousands In The Dark


July 16, 2019 at 11:57 pm
Filed Under:Con Edison, ConEd, Local TV, New York, power outage, Staten Island


Updated 7/17 at 5 a.m. — Con Edison says power has been restored to all customers.
NEW YORK (CBSNewYork) — Just three days after the Manhattan blackout, thousands of Con Edison customers lost power on Staten Island on Tuesday evening.
Shortly before 7 p.m., Mayor Bill de Blasio tweeted that 2,000 customers were affected by the outage. Initially, de Blasio said service was expected to be restored by 7:30 p.m., but the power company later said the outage could last through the night.
Con Edison is reporting those remaining could be without power into overnight hours.
City agencies are in close contact with the utility to make sure restoration happens as quickly as possible.
Keep an eye on @NotifyNYC for further updates throughout the evening. https://t.co/3BBoZ2TwgI
— Mayor Bill de Blasio (@NYCMayor) July 16, 2019

“It went out around five o’clock but then came back on. Went off and on a couple more times and it went completely out,” resident Frank O’Connor said.
Councilman Steven Matteo said a smoking circuit breaker caused the outage.
Midland Beach Area Power Outage Update:
Con Edison is on scene conducting repairs. The cause of the outage is due to a circuit breaker smoking.
The substation has a redundancy alternate substation which kicks in once the host substation goes down.
— Steven Matteo (@StevenMatteo) July 16, 2019

As of 7:54 p.m., Con Ed‘s website said about 2,100 customers were without power with an estimated restoration time of 2 a.m. Wednesday.
Workers appeared to focus their efforts on a nearby substation along South Railroad Avenue.
Some residents said their power didn’t stay out for long, but with more extreme heat expected they wondered if they’re prepared.
“Now that you mention it, maybe I should but to be honest I don’t know what to do,” Maria Gorkhoeer told CBS2’s Valerie Castro.
Con Ed officials said one thing you can do to prepare for an outage is make sure you have flashlights on hand so you can avoid using candles.




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https://www.usatoday.com/story/news...outages-new-york-city-chicago-d-c/1749257001/

Triple-digit temperatures could bring blackouts in New York City, DC and Chicago
Olivia Sanchez, USA TODAY Published 7:34 p.m. ET July 16, 2019 | Updated 3:11 p.m. ET July 17, 2019

As the temperatures start to heat up, make sure you are staying safe. USA TODAY

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An upcoming heat wave could lead to power outages in the central and eastern U.S., including the major metropolitan areas of New York City, Washington and Chicago, experts say.
As temperatures rise and more people turn to their air conditioners for relief, the demand for power can become overwhelming. Power companies are preparing for the worst and asking customers to be mindful of their electricity use.
“The demand for power can increase as the heat wave goes on because people become less resistant – more willing to turn their air conditioning on and up,” said Allan Drury, a spokesman for Con Edison in New York.
A widespread blackout Saturday in New York City left much of Manhattan without electricity. That outage was caused not by heat but by a transformer fire, according to New York fire officials. Con Edison estimates that about 73,000 people were without power during the blackout.
With temperatures forecast to reach 100 degrees in New York City by Saturday, according to the Weather Channel, Con Edison warned of additional blackouts, though on a smaller scale.
Very hot and humid conditions are expected across the Eastern US for the end of the week into the weekend. In addition to extremely hot daytime temperatures, overnight lows in most areas are not expected for fall below the mid-upper 70s, or even the lower 80s in some urban areas. pic.twitter.com/jtgWH3rnvt
— NWS Eastern Region (@NWSEastern) July 16, 2019
With heat and humidity as intense as predicted, Con Edison is prepared for “scattered outages” in Manhattan and parts of Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx, Drury said Tuesday.
Manhattan is served exclusively by underground delivery systems that inevitably heat up as the ground warms, and those systems are further strained by increased demand for power, Drury said.
0857d79c-92df-40a2-b639-a91075e19592-USP_News__New_York_City_Blackout.JPG

Buildings in Manhattan were without power after an outage July 13, 2019. (Photo: Seth Harrison, The Journal News-USA TODAY NETWO)

Jay Apt, a professor and co-director of the Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center, said his data doesn't show more frequent blackouts in summer than winter, except during hurricanes.
“There is always high demand in the summer – air conditioning is very power-intensive, and you will always have some failures of equipment,” Apt said.
Con Edison said Tuesday that demand for power in Westchester County and New York City was 10,541 megawatts. On Friday, when temperatures are forecast to be in the mid-90s, Con Edison is predicting a power demand of 12,400 megawatts, Drury said.

That is well below the highest demand for power in history, Drury said, which happened during a heat wave in July 2013. It peaked at 13,322 megawatts.
The Washington area, which also is served primarily by underground systems, also is expecting extreme heat and humidity this week. Christina Harper, a spokeswoman for Pepco, said the city's primary public utility company is preparing for power outages, although it is not necessarily expecting them.

Temperatures in the D.C. metro area are expected to reach the high 90s this week, according to the Weather Channel, and could top 100 on Saturday.
“We are ready,” Harper said. She encouraged all customers to download the Pepco app, which will allow them to easily report a power outage and access an interactive map of local outages.
Officials from ComEd in Chicago also are preparing for extreme temperatures – Friday is forecast to be the hottest, with a high of 96 degrees, according to the Weather Channel.
Here is our latest forecast for Thursday, Friday, & Saturday for the upcoming heat wave. pic.twitter.com/EzYDHC9dE4
— NWS Chicago (@NWSChicago) July 16, 2019
“When you have extreme weather of any kind, it can put stress on any system and can cause outages,” said Terence Donnelly, the company's president and chief operating officer. “We’re watching the pending hot weather moving into our system very closely, we have scheduled our emergency response center to open up, and we have scheduled extra crews scheduled to work extra hours.”
Here are some ways to stay cool and prevent losing power, according to Con Edison, Pepco and ComEd:
  • Turn off your air conditioner before leaving home. If you can, use a timer to turn it back on about 30 minutes before you expect to return home.
  • Use air conditioning only in rooms you are using. Block vents or turn off room-specific air conditioning units in unused rooms.
  • Keep your curtains and shades drawn. About 40% of unwanted heat comes in through windows.
  • Run appliances like ovens or washing machines in the early morning or late evening to reduce the heat and moisture in your home.
  • Use fans if you can, but remember to leave your windows open for ventilation. Fans use as little as one-tenth the electricity of an air conditioner.
  • Unplug all appliances and light fixtures when you are not using them. A single light bulb can add heat to a room.
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https://www.theguardian.com/us-news...-traffic-after-power-cut-hits-manhattan-video

New York citizens direct traffic after power cut hits Manhattan – video




0:29

Members of the public stepped in to direct traffic in central Manhattan on Saturday night after a power outage knocked out traffic lights and other infrastructure in the heart of New York. Thousands of people streamed out of darkened buildings, crowding Broadway pavements next to bumper-to-bumper traffic. The outage came on the anniversary of the 1977 New York City blackout that left most of the city without power


https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2019-07-17/doc-ihytcerm4228002.shtml


纽约大面积停电:美国和中国超级电网差距怎么这么大

纽约大面积停电:美国和中国超级电网差距怎么这么大



1,140

来源:瞭望智库
当地时间7月13日傍晚,美国纽约曼哈顿大面积停电,标志性建筑帝国大厦等陷入黑暗。停电导致部分地铁线路暂停运营,交通堵塞,超过7万用户被影响,NBC、CNN只能靠应急发电机播出节目。
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(图为NBC只能靠应急发电机播出节目 图源:央视新闻)
巧合的是,13日正是1977年纽约大停电的周年纪念,当年的停电原因是闪电击中了变电站。
这起停电事故考验了美国纽约供电企业的能力,也考验了城市管理者的水平。
天津大学电气自动化与信息工程学院院长、科技部智能电网重点研发计划专家组专家王成山表示,“虽然还没有看到专业性的技术分析报告,但从停电影响的用户数量、停电时间等分析,应该属于城市配电系统停电范畴。尽管城市电网中同等规模的停电时有发生,但发生在纽约这样的世界经济中心,尤其是曼哈顿这样的重要地区,还是有些不可思议。”
不同于我国的集中式运行调控模式,美国电网由多家独立运营商调控,各个运营商会在遵循安全导则前提下,利用市场机制,追求电网资产最大化利用,当多家运营商都想利益最大化时,一旦电网出现偶发故障,有可能因为协调不畅导致故障范围扩大,最终演化为大停电。
再看我国,在城市电网区域,我国也会发生停电事故,“但就影响广泛的大电网停电事故而言,我国近年来确实没有发生过”。此外,“过去20年,为提高城市电网的供电可靠性,我国每年用于城市电网建设改造的资金达到近千亿元,城市电网设备几乎全部更新,城网结构的灵活性大为改善,调控措施也更加先进,这些都是我国城市居民‘停电无感’的原因。”王成山介绍。
中国这个世界规模最大的、互联互通的大电网到底是怎么建成的呢?库叔今天推荐一篇原国家能源局局长张国宝的回忆文章,一同见证中国超级电网发展的曲折与辉煌。
文 | 张国宝 国家发改委原副主任、国家能源局原局长
编辑 | 谢芳 瞭望智库
本文为瞭望智库书摘,摘编自《筚路蓝缕——世纪工程决策建设记述》,人民出版社2018年9月出版,原标题为《世界规模最大的互联互通大电网是怎么建成的》,首刊发于《中国经济周刊》2016年第13期,原文有删减,不代表瞭望智库观点。
从落后弱小破碎的“烂摊子”上起步
新中国的电力事业是从旧中国的落后、弱小、破碎的“烂摊子”上起步的。
1949年解放时,全国的装机容量只有185万千瓦,仅相当于现在的两台机组。
2015年全国装机容量达到15.0673亿千瓦(未包含新疆生产建设兵团、陕西地方电力公司供电区域),是1949年的814倍。1949年全国发电量49亿千瓦时,2015年发电量达到5.55万亿千瓦时,约是1949年的1133倍。
改革开放前,330千伏已是电网的最高电压等级,如今,中国已拥有世界上最高电压等级的±800千伏直流输电和1000千伏特高压交流输电线路。
1953年至1957年实施的第一个五年计划,电力发展目标是装机容量205万千瓦,发电量到期末的1957年达到159亿千瓦时。这目标也是只相当于今天两台机组的水平。1952年我国建设的第一台高温高压热电机组是黑龙江富拉尔基热电厂,单机容量只有2.5万千瓦,设备由苏联援助。
dd5d-hzxsvnn7572017.jpg
(图为丰满水电站原大坝全景,新华社2007年发)
经过一个甲子,几代人坚持不懈奋斗、努力,我国已经建成世界上规模最大的全国互联互通的电网。2015年,我国发电装机容量达到15.06亿千瓦,居世界第一,拥有世界上最多的单机100万千瓦以上的超超临界发电机组。
中国的电力事业起步比西方国家晚了80年,现在成为名副其实的世界电力大国,这是值得中国人民自豪的骄人业绩,也是中国电力战线上广大职工一代代努力的结果。
改革开放使中国电力技术上了新台阶

1978年我国实施改革开放政策以来,接触到发达国家的电力技术和装备,也看到了我们自己的差距。从上世纪80年代初期开始,我国引进了大量先进的发电装备和技术,通过消化吸收再创新,我国的电力技术迈上了一个新的台阶。
我正是在这个时候进入国家计委工作,在机械电子局负责机械领域的技术引进工作,经手了几乎所有的电力装备的技术引进,有机会见证了这一时期的技术引进和国产化工作。
那个时候国家外汇十分短缺,因此每一项引进技术的用汇指标都要经过审批。全部引进技术的外汇指标都集中到国家计委外资司管理,当时外资司负责技术引进外汇的是谢仰安。引进技术的申报和执行都是由电力工业部和机械工业部负责,国家计委负责最后审批。
在这一时期,从变压器、高压开关、避雷器、充油电缆到绝缘器材、电缆接头,与输变电有关的设备制造技术都引进过。
1981年通过全套购买国外的设备和技术,我国建成了第一条500千伏交流输电线路,从河南平顶山到湖北武昌,以解决武汉钢铁厂一米七轧机的电力稳定问题。
1984年建成了第一条自行设计、建造的元锦辽海500千伏交流输电线路,从元宝山电厂经锦州、辽阳到达海城。这条线路所使用的设备几乎都是我国用引进技术第一批自行生产的装备,因此充油电缆漏油、变压器漏油等质量问题不断。当时平顶山高压开关厂用引进技术生产的六氟化硫断路器还发生过爆炸。
de63-hzxsvnn7572125.jpg
(图为元锦辽海输电线路的工程现场。《国家电网报》王世平 摄)
1989年,中国第一条±500千伏直流输电线路——葛洲坝至上海的葛沪直流建成投入使用。这条线路的装备和技术都是全套购买自BBC公司的产品,后来BBC公司与阿西亚公司合并,就是现在的ABB公司。我国±500千伏和后来的±800千伏特高压直流都是在这个基础上发展起来的。
在电力行业中还有一项重大的技术引进项目,是从美国西屋公司引进30万、60万千瓦发电机组。此前我国自行生产的发电设备最大是12.5万千瓦的双水内冷发电机组和20万千瓦发电机。从西屋公司引进的机组为我国发电装备的升级换代发挥了重要作用。
说起美国的西屋公司,这是一家对中国电力装备提供过重要技术的公司,当然这家公司现在自身已逐渐衰落。改革开放后,我国又从西屋公司引进了30万千瓦和60万千瓦发电装备技术。第一个依托工程是山东石横30万千瓦电厂和安徽平圩60万千瓦电厂。这项技术的引进使我国的发电设备制造技术上了一个新的台阶。现在,AP1000三代核电技术也是从西屋公司引进的。
20世纪80年代初,为了实现一批重大工程项目装备的国产化,国务院设立国务院重大装备办公室,设在国家经委,由国家经委副主任林宗棠同志担任办公室主任。林宗棠同志是当年在一机部沈鸿副部长领导下,上海重机厂万吨水压机的设计师,他后来当了第一任航空航天部部长。
据说最初国务院重大装备办公室是要设在国家计委的,后设在了国家经委,国家计委作为组成成员单位参加工作。我就是以国家计委工作人员的身份参加国务院重大装备办的工作。
在最初确定的12大成套装备中涉及电力装备的有葛洲坝到上海的±500千伏直流输电线路,500千伏交流输变电设备,秦山核电站设备,三峡工程设备和30万千瓦、60万千瓦发电设备。
分步走,构建全国互联互通互供统一大电网
1999年前,我国电网仍是各区域电网互不相联状态,各管各的。此后陆续完成了东北电网与华北电网、华中电网与西北电网等的互联互通,乃至完成了海南岛与内地的联网、内地向港澳的供电。
到了1999年,我担任国家发展和改革委员会副主任,分管能源交通基础设施和工业、科技等方面的工作,那时我国已经形成东北、西北、华北、华东、南方联营公司电网,但是山东、福建、四川(含重庆)、海南和新疆、西藏自治区都是和周边省区互不相连的独立电网。东北、西北、华北、华东、南方联营公司电网以及川渝电网也都互不相连。200万千瓦以上装机的电网系统有11个。
在地广人稀的新疆和西藏自治区,区内又分为若干个小的地方电网。如西藏自治区最初只有拉萨和日喀则相连的藏中电网,林芝、昌都、阿里都是独立的小电网。在新疆,有以乌鲁木齐为中心的北疆电网和库尔勒为中心的南疆电网,奎屯以西的伊犁地区的电网互不相连,一个区内存在若干个独立的小电网。那时候远未形成全国互联互通的统一大电网,各个电网自己管自己的事。
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(图为川藏联网工程 图源:中国能源报)
再进一步细看,全国还有那么多的小水电县,归水利部门管。有一年黑龙江有一个军工企业发生群体性事件,朱镕基总理带队去黑龙江处理,我作为中央代表团成员也随团前往。在黑龙江省汇报中特别提到了林区的困难,我才知道林区的电网电力部门不管,由林业部门管理,也是一个独立的电网,后来林业困难了,无钱对林业电网改造和发展。
汶川大地震发生后,我随回良玉副总理到前线指挥部工作,恢复电力基础设施,才知道阿坝州的电网叫牧业电网,由农业部门管,也不归电力公司管。
最近这两年在争论特高压问题时,反对特高压的人强调分层分级管理的问题,我有时候就纳闷,在我1999年分管能源交通基础设施时,电网尚且如此分散、多头,怎么个分层分级管理法?
当时的状况是各自独立管。所以我上任后对电网建设的想法是,要把这些分散、独立的大大小小的电网建设成在全国范围内能够互联互通互供的统一大电网。但是我不敢确定能否在我任内完成这项任务。我的这一想法和当时国家电力公司想法是一致的,在建立全国互联互通的国家大电网中大家互相配合、互相支持。
①东北电网与华北电网相联结
首先在2001年5月,建成了辽宁绥中至河北姜家营一回500千伏交流线路,使东北电网与华北电网相连,东北电网和华北电网成为一个同步大电网。但两大电网靠一条500千伏交流线路相连实在太脆弱,所以后来又断开,在高岭建了500千伏直流背靠背的换流站,把东北电网和华北电网联结成一个异步电网。绥中电厂扼东北电网和华北电网,位置十分重要。
②华中电网与西北电网相联结
灵宝换流站于2003年2月开工建设,2005年4月11日直流系统成功解锁,实现了华中电网和西北电网的联网。2005年8月,灵宝换流站正式投入商业运行。
将华中电网与西北电网相连,是通过河南灵宝到陕西临潼的输电线路连接。西北与华中联网河南灵宝背靠背换流站扩建工程2009年12月14日正式投入商业运行。
2013年11月又建成了陕西宝鸡到四川德阳的500千伏直流输电线路,使西北电网与华中电网联结成异步电网,四川水电开始输往西北。
③华中电网与南方电网相联结
为了解决向广东送电1000万千瓦的问题,2000年8月,建设从三峡到广东的500千伏直流输电工程(湖北荆州至惠州博罗响水镇),2004年6月三峡到广东±500千伏直流投产。华中电网与南方电网成为互联的异步电网。
④华中电网与川渝电网相联结
位于四川的二滩水电站在建成之时遇上了亚洲金融危机,受此影响,用电需求处于低潮,二滩的水电不能有效消纳。三峡电站电原定的输电方案是由三峡向重庆供电,由于电力疲软,决定三峡电站的电不再输往重庆,而改由消纳二滩的电力。后来经济又恢复了高速增长,用电负荷急剧上升,重庆开始缺电,重庆市市长王鸿举因此找到我,责怪为什么三峡不向重庆供电?
此乃此一时,彼一时也。为了有效消纳二滩电力和四川在丰水期的水电,决定建设三万线,从三峡到重庆的万县,建设一条500千伏交流输电线路,将川渝电网与华中电网联结成一个新的同步华中电网。
⑤三峡电力外送
三峡工程位于中国的中部,其一大功能是生产出大量的清洁电力,在当时中国缺电的情况下,是十分宝贵的资源。三峡周边的省市都抢着要分三峡的电。
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(图为长江三峡水利工程)
最初,三峡分电的范围包括向西输往重庆地区,其余的基本上是沿江向华中、华东地区输送,包括湖北、湖南、河南、江西、安徽、江苏、上海、浙江。规划的第一条输往华东电网的是三常线(三峡龙泉至常州政平)±500千伏直流线路。此外还有三沪线(湖北宜都至上海青浦华新镇)等。
后来根据形势变化,在2000年8月北戴河会议决定,建设三广线,从湖北荆门到广东惠州博罗县。但是三峡工程建成的时候恰逢用电低谷时期,许多省市表示难以接受三峡的电力。
重庆过去说,重庆为三峡移民做出了牺牲,应该分三峡的电。后来重庆说,由于为三峡移民做出了巨大的贡献,我们不能接受三峡的电。重庆地区就主要消纳四川二滩电站的水电。
河南省说自己是以火电为主,不需要三峡的电。江西说自己是一个农业小省,不需要多少电。安徽也说自己是农业省,而且有两淮煤矿,也不需要三峡的电。只有江苏、上海、浙江始终表示接受三峡的电。
为此我让国家发改委基础产业司由王骏牵头,成立三峡分电小组,将三峡电力分年分配到各省市。三峡工程建成后国家组成三峡工程验收委员会,分成两部分验收:一部分是三峡枢纽工程,另一部分是三峡输电工程。
国家三峡输电工程验收组由时任发改委主任马凯任组长,我当时是负责能源的副主任,任副组长。经过一年多专家们的辛勤工作,完成了三峡输电工程的国家验收。
三峡发的电在丰水期和枯水期相差悬殊。在丰水期可以发到近2000万千瓦电力,而在枯水期仅有550万千瓦左右。要解决这一丰枯期的巨大缺口,必须在湖北建设1000万千瓦以上的火力发电来平衡,但在丰水期时这1000万千瓦的火电又将停发,这是非常不经济的,只有互联互通互供才是解决问题的正确之道。
⑥西电东送,南方电网的形成
南方电网形成之前叫南方联营公司。广东省的电力资产主要是广东省的地方资产,不属于国家电力公司。由于广东省经济的快速发展,缺电非常严重,成为常态。广东电力此前就在天生桥一级、二级电站投资,获得一定份额电力,并正在建设天生桥到广州的±500千伏直流输电线路。
2000年8月北戴河会议中央决定实施西电东送工程,在“十五”期间由云南、贵州向广东送电1000万千瓦,大规模的南通道西电东送工程就此展开。经过“五大战役”,提前完成了向广东送电千万千瓦的任务。
“五大战役”全部完成后,南方电网公司西电送广东总的通道输送能力达到1088万千瓦,至2004年9月,“五大战役”所有电网项目圆满完成,比原计划提前了15个月,在电力体制改革中南方电网就此形成。
⑦华北与华中电网相联,形成两华同步电网
国家电网公司提出从山西的晋东南建设一条1000千伏特高压交流输电线路到湖北荆门,使华北电网和华中电网联结成一个同步大电网,进而再形成华北、华中、华东的三华同步电网。这样做的一个好处是可以在枯水期将华北的火电送往华中,而在丰水期可将在华中地区三峡、四川等水电站的水电送往华北。
但是建设1000千伏特高压交流输电工程引起了争议,有一部分人反对建设晋东南至湖北荆门的1000千伏特高压交流输电工程,反对形成三华同步电网。
但是经过反复论证,国家发改委还是报经国务院同意,批准建设了从山西晋东南到湖北荆门的1000千伏特高压交流输电线路。目前华北电网和华中电网已经形成一个同步大电网,但是仅靠一条1000千伏特高压将华北电网与华中电网相连仍显不够坚强。
⑧建设青藏联网工程
从青海格尔木建设一条±400千伏的直流输电线路到西藏拉萨,从此西藏电网与西北电网相连,不再成为孤网。
青藏联网工程是经过反复论证和思考的,因工作关系我多次到过西藏,第一次去是为了西藏满拉水电站。由于西藏的特殊地理环境,西藏始终保持了一个清洁能源电力市场,没有燃煤火电站,仅有少数应急的燃油机组。
在建设青藏铁路时,我曾考虑过青藏铁路建成后有条件通过铁路将煤炭从西北运到西藏,是不是可以考虑在那曲建一个燃煤火电站?但是考虑再三,还是宜保持西藏清洁能源电力为妥。此外,西藏高原空气稀薄,火力发电厂出力受到影响,在那曲建燃煤火电厂的想法也就放弃了。
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(图为列车行驶在雪域高原的青藏铁路上2006年10月25日 新华社记者 觉果 摄)
但是由于水力发电的丰枯季节差,西藏以水电为主,丰水期没有问题,枯水期严重缺电。我们曾动员华润电力将在广东建设的燃油燃气机组拆往西藏,支援西藏的电力建设。但是燃油电站发电成本极高,每年用于西藏的电力补贴数额很大,甚至当时西藏自治区发改委分管电力的副主任李本珍曾提议由西藏在安徽等地投资电厂,收益作为对西藏电力的补贴。
随着青藏铁路的建成,西藏的经济社会发展加速,电力短缺的问题比较严重,特别是在枯水期显得尤为突出。经过反复论证,为一劳永逸解决西藏的供电问题,还是应当建设青藏联网工程。在枯水期由西北电网向西藏供电;在丰水期,如果今后水电在西藏进一步发展,有富余电力可以向西北供电。
但是青藏联网工程受到了一些未曾到过西藏的专家的质疑。他们认为青藏联网代价太高,主张在西藏建设燃油机组,没有必要建设青藏联网工程。
最后我们与国家电网公司协商,还是下决心建设青藏联网工程。国家电网公司对建设青藏联网工程非常支持,从长远考虑,国网公司建议建设±500千伏输变电线路。
可是一个新的问题发生了。国家能源局电力司司长许永盛听了一些人的意见,认为建设±500千伏容量太大,没有必要,建议降低电压等级,用400千伏直流输电。这样国家能源局和国网公司在建设什么样的电压等级的问题上产生了意见分歧,又僵持了一段时间。
最后我与刘振亚同志协商,他说为了尽快建设青藏联网工程,国网公司让步,就按能源局意见建设±400千伏的直流输电线路。青藏联网工程经过5年的论证才这样在争议声中落地了。
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(图为建设中的青藏联网工程)
⑨将新疆电网与西北电网相联结
早在电力体制改革前,国家电网公司尚未成立,国家电力公司科技司司长张晓鲁是我研究生时的同学,向我汇报要将西北电网的330千伏高压升级为750千伏高压输电。我曾质疑电压等级是不是太多了?
但是鉴于西北已有330千伏输电线路,建设500千伏或1000千伏输电线路都不太妥当,只好同意将西北电网升级改造为750千伏高压输电网。2010年7月22日建成了乌吐哈750千伏输电工程,年底完成了哈密至甘肃永登750千伏输电线路,实现西北电网与新疆电网相连。
⑩西藏自治区内部电网相联结
西藏电网最初是从拉萨和日喀则这两个西藏最重要城市发展起来的。1950年和平解放西藏以后,中央政府最初是从重庆电力部门抽调人员帮助西藏进行电力建设,拉萨、日喀则地区逐渐联结成藏中电网,山南地区也连接进藏中电网。
我去西藏时,林芝地区、昌都地区和阿里地区由于距离太远,都是独立的小电网。后来利用农网改造的机会,将拉萨和林芝电网连在一起,形成了拉萨、日喀则、山南、林芝地区这几个西藏最重要的人口和经济集中地的藏中电网。但是由于昌都地区和阿里地区距离遥远,仍然是独立的小电网。
⑪新疆维吾尔自治区内的电力联网
首先是将乌鲁木齐地区和南疆库尔勒地区联结成一个电网,伊犁地区的电网仍然是独立的。后来通过修建恰布其海水利枢纽工程和吉林台水电站,从奎屯修建输电线路到伊犁地区,形成了全疆互联互通的统一电网。
⑫海南岛与内地的联网
海南岛原是一个孤岛电网,与广东并不相连。电力体制改革组建南方电网,南方电网覆盖的范围是贵州、云南、广西、广东和海南。
后来时任海南省委书记的汪啸风同志给曾培炎同志打电话说,我们海南岛是一个独立的电网,进入南方电网没有实质性的意义,除非将海南岛和广东电网连接起来,才能真正融入南方电网。
曾培炎同志答应南方电网组建后将建设从湛江到海南海口的海底电缆,将海南与南方电网实现物理相连。南方电网成立后兑现承诺,虽然造价较高,仍然建设了广东到海南的500千伏海底输电线路,目前容量并不算很大,只有60万千瓦,但是海南电网与南方电网的相连,自此,除台湾岛外全国各省份形成互联互通的统一大电网。
2015年7月23日,南方电网主网与海南电网第二回500千伏跨海交流联网工程项目获国家发改委正式核准批复。联网二回工程建成后,联网输送能力将达到120万千瓦,解决海南电网“大机小网”问题,将有利于提高昌江核电机组运行安全经济性以及海南电网安全可靠运行能力。
⑬山东、福建等省独立电网联结融入大电网
由于山东经济发展快,电力不足,在山西建设的王曲电站向山东点对网供电,后来建设宁夏宁东至山东青岛660千伏直流输电线路,山东电网已经融入华北电网。福建省与浙江省电网相联,融入到华东电网。
⑭金沙江水电基地电力输送
金沙江发源于青藏高原,流入云南省,在云南省境内称金沙江中游,金沙江下游是云南省和四川省的界河。在金沙江下游规划有向家坝、溪洛渡、白鹤滩和乌东徳4个大型水电站,装机容量总和接近于两个三峡,是我国重要的水电基地。
金沙江水电开发规划时,电力体制尚未改革,统一由水电部管。但是在金沙江水电基地开始建设时,已经形成了国家电网公司和南方电网公司两家电网公司。国家电网公司希望金沙江下游的水电能够全部由国家电网公司区域内消纳,而云南省和南方电网公司认为,云南省电力已划入南方电网,金沙江云南省一侧的发电机组的电力应向云南省、南方电网输送。
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(图为金沙江上巍然挺立的向家坝水电站 新华网何光云摄)
我说服了刘振亚同志,就按照这个方案,金沙江右岸机组通过建设向上直流(向家坝至上海奉贤)送往华东地区;金沙江左岸电力则由南方电网送往广东地区。向上直流是我国建设的第一条800千伏特高压直流线路。后来巴西建设美丽山水电站,电力输往里约热内卢地区,其装机容量和输电距离和向上直流非常接近。
我邀请巴西能源部长参观访问向上直流,陪同他参观了上海奉贤变电站,引起了他的兴趣。之后,经过多次考察,确定采用中国的±800千伏特高压直流技术,在后来的招标中,国网公司经过不懈的努力,赢得了投资建设巴西美丽山水电站至里约热内卢±800千伏直流输电线路项目。
⑮大陆向港澳的供电
早在大亚湾核电站建设时,香港的中华电力就是主要股东之一,大亚湾核电站的电力有相当一部分要送往香港。大亚湾核电站的建成实现了向香港的供电,但香港仍有600万千瓦左右的燃煤电厂。
香港地区面积狭小,燃煤电厂不仅有排放问题,堆煤场和固体废物也将占据一定的面积。曾荫权先生任香港特首时,邱腾华先生是香港环保局局长,那个时候他们的环保意识就很强,有计划要淘汰香港的燃煤电厂,邱腾华先生多次找过我,希望能增加从大陆购电,逐渐淘汰香港的燃煤电厂。
与我工作有关的,一是香港担心来自海南莺歌海海底管道的天然气供应会逐步减少,希望能通过西气东输管道,延伸建设由深圳到香港的天然气管道,每年向香港供气10亿立方米;第二个要求就是向香港供电问题。
当时成立了大陆与港澳基础设施建设联络小组,大陆方面由我负责,香港方面是曾荫权先生。2008年8月28日,我受中央政府委托与曾荫权特首在香港共同签署了《关于供气供电问题的谅解备忘录》,内容是向香港20年供气和供电协议。
考虑到香港投资者的利益,同时也考虑现有大亚湾和岭澳的模式,我还口头答应可以在广东粤东地区寻找一个核电厂址,初步定在汕头的汕尾地区,欢迎香港方面采取类似于大亚湾投资的方式共同投资建设向香港供电的核电站。
澳门方面主要是燃油发电机组,而且装机容量比香港小得多,他们对从大陆购电一直持积极态度,在当时高油价情况下曾表示可以考虑放弃所有燃油发电,全部改由从大陆购电。
⑯大陆与台湾的联网问题
台湾没有能源资源,台湾发电主要靠燃油、燃气、燃煤,同时现有三个核电站,台湾的四核问题因为两党政治争端而搁浅。台湾现有三个核电站产生的核废料虽然数量很少,存放于一个叫兰屿的小岛,设计储量已经快储满,但是因为台湾没有核废料处理设施,也一直在寻找解决方案。
台湾岛内反对建核电站的声音还是很大的,其实解决台湾岛的供电问题从技术层面看并不复杂,从福建平潭到台湾新竹海上距离仅140公里左右,比海南岛的海底电缆长不了太多,所以从大陆通过海底电缆向台湾岛内供电是完全可以实现的。现在的问题不是技术问题,是政治问题,只要台湾方面有意愿这是不难做到的。
全国联网尚留遗憾
我2011年初从能源局岗位上退下的时候,实现了全国大陆电网的互联互通,但是也留下了一些遗憾。
一是作为沿海两个经济发达的省份,福建和广东没有能够实现联网。当初为了解决广东的供电问题,我曾提出过福建电网与广东电网相连的问题,但是后来由于电力体制改革,形成了国家电网公司和南方电网公司,福建电力归属国家电网公司,广东电力归属南方电网公司。这样两省的电网相连问题就被搁置起来。
从省的态度看,福建省是较为积极的,广东省积极性不高。其实国网、南网公司都是央企,只要政府下决心,实现福建和广东的联网并不是一件很难的事。
二是现在其他区域电网之间都实现了电力互供,但唯有华北和华东电网之间尚未有高电压输电相连,未能实现跨区供电。
6af8-hzxsvnn7572662.jpg
(图为2018年4月,准东至皖南±1100千伏特高压直流输电工程放线施工。)
这问题只能留待后人去解决,但是我想就和宁西铁路一样,早晚是会解决的。
回首我国的电网发展历程我感慨万千。现在在辽阔的国土上,从世界屋脊的青藏高原到南海之滨的海南岛都由一个互联互通的电网覆盖了,这真是一个伟大的世纪工程。
如果你现在到西藏,在夜晚,拉萨的八廓街灯火通明,和内地的大城市没有什么两样,再到国外看到一些发达国家的老旧电网,真为我们国家的建设成就而自豪。


Large-scale power outage in New York: How is the gap between the US and China's super power grid so big?
Large-scale power outage in New York: How is the gap between the US and China's super power grid so big?
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Source: 瞭望智库

On the evening of July 13th, local time, a large blackout in Manhattan, New York, and the iconic Empire State Building fell into the dark. The power outage caused some subway lines to be suspended, traffic jams, more than 70,000 users were affected, and NBC and CNN could only broadcast programs by emergency generators.
(The picture shows that NBC can only broadcast programs on emergency generators. Source: CCTV News) (The picture shows that NBC can only broadcast programs on emergency generators. Source: CCTV News)

Coincidentally, the 13th was the anniversary of the blackout in New York in 1977. The reason for the power outage was that lightning hit the substation.

The power outage test tested the ability of the US power supply company in New York and tested the level of city managers.

Wang Chengshan, dean of the School of Electrical Automation and Information Engineering of Tianjin University and expert group of the key research and development plan for smart grids of the Ministry of Science and Technology, said, “Although I have not seen professional technical analysis reports, the number of users affected by power outages and power outages are analyzed. It should belong to the category of power outages in urban power distribution systems. Although the same scale of power outages in urban power grids has occurred, it is still unbelievable in the world economic centers such as New York, especially in important areas like Manhattan."

Different from China's centralized operation and regulation mode, the US power grid is regulated by a number of independent operators. Under the premise of following the safety guidelines, each operator will use the market mechanism to pursue the maximization of power grid assets. When multiple operators want to maximize profits, When the power grid is in spite of accidental failure, it may be caused by poor coordination and the fault range is expanded, eventually becoming a large power outage.

Looking at China again, in the urban power grid area, there will be power outages in China. "But in terms of power outages that affect a wide range of large power grids, China has not happened in recent years." In addition, in the past 20 years, in order to improve the reliability of power supply to urban power grids, China's annual capital for urban power grid construction and transformation has reached nearly 100 billion yuan. The urban power grid equipment has been almost completely updated, and the flexibility of the urban network structure has been greatly improved. The measures are also more advanced, which are the reasons why Chinese urban residents 'have no power sense.'" Wang Chengshan introduced.

How is China's largest and interconnected large power grid built in China? Ku Shu today recommended a reminiscence article by Zhang Guobao, former director of the National Energy Administration, to witness the twists and turns of China's super power grid development.

Zhang Guobao Former Deputy Director of the National Development and Reform Commission, former Director of the National Energy Administration

Edit | 谢芳 瞭望智库

This article is a summary of the think-tank thinks, excerpted from "The Road Lan Shuo - Century Engineering Decision-making Construction", the People's Publishing House published in September 2018, the original title is "The world's largest interconnected power grid is how to build", the first issue In the 13th issue of China Economic Weekly 2016, the original text has been deleted, which does not mean that the think tank thinks.

Starting from the weak and broken "bad mess"

The power industry in New China started from the backward, weak, and broken "bad mess" of old China.

When it was liberated in 1949, the installed capacity of the country was only 1.85 million kilowatts, which is only equivalent to the current two units.

In 2015, the national installed capacity reached 1.506673 billion kilowatts (not including the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps and the Shaanxi Local Power Company's power supply area), which was 814 times that of 1949. In 1949, the country's power generation was 4.9 billion kWh. In 2015, the power generation reached 5.55 trillion kWh, about 1133 times that of 1949.

Before the reform and opening up, 330 kV was the highest voltage level of the power grid. Today, China has the world's highest voltage level of ±800 kV DC transmission and 1000 kV UHV AC transmission line.

The first five-year plan implemented from 1953 to 1957, the power development target is an installed capacity of 2.05 million kilowatts, and the end of the power generation reached 15.9 billion kilowatt hours in 1957. This goal is also equivalent to the level of two units today. The first high-temperature and high-pressure thermal power unit built in China in 1952 was the Heilongjiang Fulaerji Thermal Power Plant, with a single unit capacity of only 25,000 kilowatts. The equipment was assisted by the Soviet Union.
(The picture shows the panorama of the original dam of Fengman Hydropower Station, Xinhua News Agency issued in 2007) (The picture shows the panorama of the original dam of Fengman Hydropower Station, Xinhua News Agency issued in 2007)

After a generation, several generations have persisted in their struggles and efforts, and China has built the world's largest nationwide interconnected power grid. In 2015, China's power generation installed capacity reached 1.506 billion kilowatts, ranking first in the world, with the world's largest ultra-supercritical generator set with a single unit of more than 1 million kilowatts.

China's electric power industry started 80 years later than Western countries, and now it is a veritable world power power. This is a proud performance worthy of the Chinese people's pride, and it is also the result of the efforts of the majority of employees on the Chinese electric front.

Reform and opening up have brought China's power technology to a new level

Since China implemented the reform and opening up policy in 1978, we have also seen our own gaps in contact with the power technology and equipment of developed countries. Since the early 1980s, China has introduced a large number of advanced power generation equipment and technologies. Through digestion and absorption and innovation, China's power technology has taken a new step.

It was at this time that I entered the work of the State Planning Commission, and in the mechanical and electronic bureau responsible for the technical introduction of machinery, and the introduction of almost all the technical introduction of power equipment, I have the opportunity to witness the technology introduction and localization work during this period.

At that time, the country’s foreign exchange was in short supply, so the indicators for the use of each imported technology were subject to approval. The foreign exchange indicators of all imported technologies were concentrated in the management of the Foreign Investment Division of the State Planning Commission. At that time, the Foreign Investment Department was responsible for the introduction of foreign exchange technology by Xie Yang. The declaration and implementation of the introduced technology are the responsibility of the Ministry of Power Industry and the Ministry of Machinery Industry, and the State Planning Commission is responsible for final approval.

During this period, equipment manufacturing technologies related to power transmission and transformation have been introduced from transformers, high-voltage switches, surge arresters, oil-filled cables to insulation equipment and cable joints.

In 1981, through the complete purchase of foreign equipment and technology, China built the first 500 kV AC transmission line, from Pingdingshan in Henan to Wuchang in Hubei, to solve the power stability problem of the 1 m 7 rolling mill of Wuhan Iron and Steel Plant.

In 1984, the first self-designed and constructed Yuanjin Liaohai 500 kV AC transmission line was built, and the Yuanbaoshan Power Plant arrived in Haicheng via Jinzhou and Liaoyang. The equipment used in this line is almost the first batch of self-produced equipment imported by China, so the quality problems of oil-filled cable oil leakage and transformer oil leakage continue. At that time, the sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker produced by the Pingdingshan high-voltage switch factory with imported technology also exploded.
(The picture shows the project site of Yuanjin Liaohai transmission line. Photo by Wang Shiping, State Grid News) (The picture shows the project site of Yuanjin Liaohai transmission line. Photo by Wang Shiping, State Grid News)

In 1989, China's first ±500 kV DC transmission line, Gezhouba to Shanghai, was completed and put into use. The equipment and technology of this line is a full set of products purchased from BBC. Later, BBC merged with Assia, which is now ABB. China's ±500 kV and later ±800 kV UHV DC are developed on this basis.

There is also a major technology introduction project in the power industry, which is to introduce 300,000 and 600,000 kilowatt generator sets from Westinghouse. Previously, China's self-produced power generation equipment was a maximum of 125,000 kilowatts of dual-water internal cooling generators and 200,000 kilowatts of generators. The units imported from Westinghouse have played an important role in the upgrading of China's power generation equipment.

Speaking of Westinghouse in the United States, this is a company that has provided important technology to China's power equipment. Of course, this company has gradually declined. After the reform and opening up, China has introduced 300,000 kilowatts and 600,000 kilowatts of power generation equipment technology from Westinghouse. The first supporting project was Shandong Shiheng 300,000 kilowatt power plant and Anhui Pingyi 600,000 kilowatt power plant. The introduction of this technology has brought China's power generation equipment manufacturing technology to a new level. Now, the AP1000 three-generation nuclear power technology is also introduced from Westinghouse.

In the early 1980s, in order to realize the localization of a number of major engineering projects, the State Council set up a major equipment office of the State Council, which was set up in the State Economic Commission, and was appointed as the office director by the deputy director of the State Economic Commission, Lin Zongqi. Comrade Lin Zongqi was the designer of the Shanghai Heavy Machinery Plant's 10,000-ton hydraulic press under the leadership of Vice Minister Shen Hong. He later became the first aerospace minister.

It is said that the State Council’s major equipment office was originally set up in the State Planning Commission, and later in the State Economic Commission, and the State Planning Commission as a member unit to participate in the work. I am participating in the work of the State Council Major Equipment Office as a staff member of the State Planning Commission.

Among the 12 major equipments initially identified, there are ±500 kV DC transmission lines from Gezhouba to Shanghai, 500 kV AC transmission and transformation equipment, Qinshan nuclear power plant equipment, Three Gorges engineering equipment and 300,000 kilowatts and 600,000 kilowatts. Power Equipment.

Step by step, build a national unified interconnection and mutual supply unified power grid

Before 1999, China's power grids were still in a state of non-linkage between the various regional power grids. Since then, the interconnection between Northeast Power Grid and North China Power Grid, Central China Power Grid and Northwest Power Grid has been completed, and the interconnection of Hainan Island with the Mainland and the supply of electricity from the Mainland to Hong Kong and Macao have been completed.

In 1999, I served as the deputy director of the National Development and Reform Commission, in charge of energy transportation infrastructure and industry, science and technology, etc. At that time, China had formed grids of joint ventures in Northeast, Northwest, North China, East China and South, but Shandong and Fujian. Sichuan (including Chongqing), Hainan and Xinjiang, and the Tibet Autonomous Region are independent power grids that are not connected to the surrounding provinces. The grids of the northeast, northwest, north China, east China, and southern joint ventures, as well as the Sichuan-Chongqing power grid, are also disconnected. There are 11 grid systems installed above 2 million kilowatts.

In the sparsely populated Xinjiang and Tibet Autonomous Region, the district is divided into several small local power grids. For example, the Tibet Autonomous Region initially had only the Tibet-China power grid connected by Lhasa and Shigatse, and Linzhi, Changdu and Ali were independent small power grids. In Xinjiang, there are the Xinjiang Power Grid with Urumqi as the center and the South Xinjiang Power Grid with Korla as the center. The power grids in the Ili area west of Kuitun are not connected to each other. There are several independent small power grids in one area. At that time, it was far from forming a unified unified power grid for national interconnection, and each power grid managed its own affairs.
(The picture shows the Sichuan-Tibet network project. Source: China Energy News) (The picture shows the Sichuan-Tibet network project. Source: China Energy News)

Looking further, there are so many small hydropower counties in the country that are under the control of the water conservancy department. One year in Heilongjiang, there was a mass incident in a military industrial enterprise. Premier Zhu Rongji led a team to Heilongjiang. I also traveled as a member of the Central Delegation. In the report of Heilongjiang Province, the difficulty of the forest area was specifically mentioned. I only know that the power grid department of the forest area is managed by the forestry department and is also an independent power grid. Later, the forestry was difficult, and there was no money to transform and develop the forestry power grid.

After the Wenchuan Earthquake, I went back to the frontline command with Vice Premier Yu Liangyu to restore the power infrastructure. Only then did I know that the power grid in Aba Prefecture was called the animal husbandry power grid, which was controlled by the agricultural department and not by the power company.

In the past two years when I debated the UHV issue, people who opposed the UHV emphasized the problem of hierarchical and hierarchical management. I sometimes wondered that when I was in charge of the energy transportation infrastructure in 1999, the grid was still so scattered and long. Hierarchical hierarchical management method?

The situation at the time was independent. Therefore, the idea of grid construction after I took office is to build these scattered and independent power grids into a unified large power grid that can be interconnected and exchanged across the country. But I am not sure if I can complete this task within my tenure. My idea is consistent with the idea of the state power company at that time. In the national grid of the nationwide interconnection, we all cooperate and support each other.

1 Northeast Power Grid is connected with North China Power Grid

First, in May 2001, a 500-kilovolt AC line from Jiangxi Province to Jiangjiaying, Hebei Province was built, connecting the Northeast Power Grid to the North China Power Grid, and the Northeast Power Grid and North China Power Grid became a synchronous large power grid. However, the connection between the two major power grids by a 500 kV AC line was too fragile, so they were disconnected. A 500 kV DC back-to-back converter station was built in Gaoling to link the Northeast Power Grid and the North China Power Grid into an asynchronous grid. The location of Jizhong Power Plant in Northeast China Power Grid and North China Power Grid is very important.

2 Huazhong Power Grid is connected with Northwest Power Grid

The Lingbao Converter Station started construction in February 2003. On April 11, 2005, the DC system was successfully unlocked, realizing the networking of the Central China Power Grid and the Northwest Power Grid. In August 2005, Lingbao Converter Station was officially put into commercial operation.

The connection between the Central China Power Grid and the Northwest Power Grid is through the transmission line connecting Henan Lingbao to Linyi, Shaanxi. The expansion project of Henan Lingbao back-to-back converter station in the northwest and Huazhong network was officially put into commercial operation on December 14, 2009.

In November 2013, a 500 kV DC transmission line from Shaanxi Baoji to Deyang, Sichuan was built, which connected the Northwest Power Grid to the Central China Power Grid and became an asynchronous grid. Sichuan Hydropower began to export to the northwest.

3 Central China Power Grid is connected with China Southern Power Grid

In order to solve the problem of sending 10 million kilowatts of electricity to Guangdong, in August 2000, the construction of a 500 kV DC transmission project from the Three Gorges to Guangdong (Hubei Jingzhou to Huizhou Boluo Xiangshui Town), June 2004, Three Gorges to Guangdong ±500 Kilovolt DC is put into production. Central China Power Grid and China Southern Power Grid have become interconnected asynchronous power grids.

4 Huazhong Power Grid is connected with Sichuan-Yunnan Power Grid

The Ertan Hydropower Station in Sichuan was hit by the Asian financial crisis. Due to this, the demand for electricity was at a low tide, and the hydropower of Ertan could not be effectively absorbed. The original power transmission plan of the Three Gorges Power Station was supplied by the Three Gorges to Chongqing. Due to the weak power, it was decided that the electricity of the Three Gorges Power Station would no longer be exported to Chongqing, but would be replaced by the power of Ertan. Later, the economy resumed rapid growth, the electricity load increased sharply, and Chongqing began to lack electricity. Chongqing Mayor Wang Hongju found me and blamed why the Three Gorges did not supply electricity to Chongqing.

This is the moment, and he is also a moment. In order to effectively absorb Ertan Power and Sichuan's hydropower during the flood season, it was decided to build a 30,000-line line, from the Three Gorges to Wanxian County in Chongqing, to build a 500 kV AC transmission line, and link the Sichuan-Yunnan Power Grid to the Central China Power Grid into a new one. Synchronization of Central China Power Grid.

5 Three Gorges Power Delivery

The Three Gorges Project is located in the central part of China. Its main function is to produce a large amount of clean electricity. It was a very valuable resource in the absence of electricity in China at that time. The provinces and cities around the Three Gorges are rushing to divide the electricity of the Three Gorges.
(The picture shows the Yangtze River Three Gorges Water Conservancy Project) (The picture shows the Yangtze River Three Gorges Water Conservancy Project)

Initially, the scope of the Three Gorges substation included the westward transfer to Chongqing, and the rest was basically transported along the Yangtze River to Central China and East China, including Hubei and Hubei.
 
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