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Which countries have the greatest rivalries?
- Thread starter jw5
- Start date
United Kingdom–France
Conquest, wars, and alliances at various points in history typify the long and complex relationship between the United Kingdom and France. Throughout the Middle Ages, France and England were often bitter enemies, the Norman conquest of 1066 being one of the most decisive and consequential victories over England in the medieval period. The last major conflict between the two countries were the Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815). The late 19th century saw rivalry develop between France and England for African colonies, but by 1904 the Entente Cordiale signaled warmer ties between the once warring nations.
France–United Kingdom
France and the United Kingdom were allied against Germany in both the First World War and the Second World War. Both were key partners in the West during the Cold War period and both were influential members of the European Union until the UK's decision to leave the bloc after the Brexit referendum in 2016. Relations have since deteriorated, with disagreements surrounding Brexit and the English Channel migrant crisis.
Iran–Saudi Arabia
Near neighbors Iran and Saudi Arabia are two of the Middle East's most powerful countries. Their relationship with one another, however, is fraught and contentious. While both are Islamic nations, Saudi Arabia is a conservative Sunni absolute monarchy, while Iran is a mostly Shia republic.
Saudi Arabia–Iran
Over and above religious and ideological differences, bilateral relations between the countries have been strained over geopolitical issues such as the interpretations of Islam, oil and gas export policy, and their relations with the West. Saudi Arabia is traditionally an ally of the United States and the UK, while Iran is naturally suspicious and often hostile towards America and its allies.
Kuwait–Iraq
Historically, most of present-day Kuwait was part of ancient Mesopotamia, a region that today occupies modern Iraq. Pre-oil Kuwait was a strategic trade port between Mesopotamia, Persia, and India. Oil reserves were discovered in commercial quantities in 1938. Kuwait formally gained independence in 1961, though Baghdad initially refused to recognize the fact by maintaining that Kuwait was part of Iraq. In 1963, however, a treaty of friendship between the two countries was signed by which Iraq formally recognized the border separating it from its neighbor.
Iraq–Kuwait
Despite the treaty, Iraq simmered with indignity, often raising the issue of sea access and the traditional claim to Kuwait. In August 1990, after oil production disputes, Saddam Hussein ordered a full-scale invasion of Kuwait, his armies effectively annexing the country. Later liberated by coalition forces, Kuwait quickly recovered, and since the fall of the Ba'ath Party regime in Iraq relations have significantly improved between the two states.
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Albania–Serbia
Distrust and animosity are the bywords that best describe the nature of the historical relationship between these two Balkan states. After the defeat of the Ottomans in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, the modern nation state of Albania declared independence in 1912. Numerous war crimes were committed by all parties engaged in the conflict, though Serbia's treatment of the Albanian population was particularly brutal.
Serbia–Albania
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was formally renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. During the Second World War, communist Albania and Yugoslavia worked together to rid themselves of fascist occupation. However, during the Cold War Albania broke relations with the Yugoslav communists, because its leader Enver Hoxha remained loyal to the Soviet Union under Stalin. The Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s saw the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the formation of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. During the conflict, Albania broadly supported NATO's bombing of Kosovo (then a Serbian province), which resulted in Serbia and Montenegro breaking off diplomatic relations with Albania. Tension still simmers in the 21st century, with Albania insisting that Kosovo's independence remains "undeniable," a belief Serbia regards as provocation.
Armenia–Azerbaijan
The ongoing Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, an ethnic and territorial squabble between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians, has stymied all attempts to forge diplomatic relations between these two neighboring Western Asian states.
Azerbaijan–Armenia
Armenia and Azerbaijan enjoyed a brief period of independence after the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, when relations between the two countries were cordial. But the friendship was short-lived. They were at war with each between 1918 and 1921, and occupation and annexation by the Soviet Union further distanced Yerevan from Baku. Two more wars, from 1988 to 1994, and the armed conflict in 2020, continue to strain relations.
Chile–Peru
These two South American nations had enjoyed peaceful and productive relations dating back to the Inca Empire in the 15th century, a bilateral partnership that was further strengthened after both became independent from Spain in the 19th century. But that all changed with the outbreak in 1879 of the War of the Pacific.
Peru–Chile
The War of the Pacific pitted Chile against a Bolivian-Peruvian alliance and was fought over Chilean claims on coastal Bolivian territory in the Atacama Desert. A Chilean victory brought with it a significant amount of resource-rich territory from Peru and Bolivia. The result of the five-year conflict soured relations between the two countries for over a century, with their bond further tested in 1975 when left-wing Peru and right-wing Chile were again on the brink of war. Today, relations have greatly improved.
Kenya–Somalia
Tensions between these two East African nations have simmered since the early 1960s when both countries gained their independence. The Shifta War (1963–1967) saw ethnic Somalis in the northern frontier district of Kenya attempting to join Somalia. Despite a 1967 ceasefire, sporadic violence in the region continued for several decades.
Somalia–Kenya
In fact, both sides have been embroiled in border disputes, petty skirmishes, and in some cases bloody massacres. In 2021, ties between the two countries fell to a historic low when Mogadishu cut off diplomatic relations and accused Nairobi of meddling in its internal affairs. Compounding this mutual intransigence is the Dadaab refugee crisis. Dadaab is one the world's largest refugee camps and home to thousands of displaced Somalis. Kenya wants to shut it down and has given the UN until June 2022 to find a new home for most Somali refugees. The two nations are also engaged in a long-running maritime territorial feud across the Indian Ocean believed to hold valuable oil and gas reserves.
Ukraine-Russia, I suppose
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