https://news.sina.com.cn/w/2018-11-20/doc-ihmutuec1915754.shtml
好一场夺权大戏：日产董事长被抓 法国总统被惊动
原标题：好一场夺权大戏！下属告密，日产董事长被抓，法国总统也被惊动
雷诺-日产-三菱汽车联盟董事长卡洛斯·戈恩（图片来源：视觉中国）
一向严谨古板的日本人，在自己民族工业企业的权力争夺上，却也杀伐决断，让人惊愕。
11月19日，一架从法国飞来的客机降落在东京羽田机场，当雷诺-日产-三菱汽车联盟的董事长卡洛斯·戈恩走下飞机时，等待他的不是公司职员和媒体记者的前簇后拥，而是两名手持“东京地方检察院特别搜查本部”证件的搜查官。
——卡洛斯·戈恩，汽车工业界无人不知无人不晓，他曾临危受命空降日产，凭借裁员2万人等严厉的成本控制措施，加上大胆的联盟计划，让雷诺-日产-三菱成为全球最大的汽车集团之一，该联盟由此有了一个新外号：“戈恩王国”。
下属告密，日产的“二把手”在新闻会上痛陈卡洛斯·戈恩“三大罪状”，法国总统和财长为之发声……
看似一场企业的管理权之争，实则是日本和法国争夺汽车工业话语权的“大决斗”。
戈恩的三大罪状
据共同社报道，日产汽车CEO西川广人在记者会上表示，戈恩被捕主要是因为他的三大罪状：
过去5年中，戈恩明明从日产汽车公司领取了99亿日元（约6亿元人民币）的报酬，但是他却指示部下做手脚，在公司的财务报表《有价证券报告书》中，只写了49亿，隐瞒了整整50亿日元（约3亿元人民币）的收入。
戈恩个人独裁，将日产汽车公司建为“戈恩王国”，否定并抹杀日产的传统与尊严。
据告密者的报告，戈恩曾将公司资金用于个人用途，公司内部已对戈恩和代表董事格雷格·凯利（Greg Kelly）可能存在的不当行为进行了数月的调查。
日产汽车CEO西川广人在记者会上道歉（图片来源：视觉中国）
据日本NHK 19日披露，戈恩的年薪在2016年达历史最高，为10.98亿日元（约合6773万元人民币），到了2017年，收入同比减少了33%至7.3亿日元（约合4500万元人民币）。另据日本《金融商品交易法》，上市公司有义务在每年提交有价证券报告书。如果报告书内容有假，个人处以10年以下有期徒刑或1000万日元（约合61.7万元人民币）以下罚款，法人处以7亿日元以下罚款。如果罪名成立，戈恩不仅将被三大公司除名，还要遭受牢狱之灾。
消息爆出后，恐慌情绪充斥着证券市场。日产全球存托凭证跌幅超过11%，而同时作为雷诺的领导人，雷诺在巴黎的股价也下跌了6.2%，创2014年以来新低。
临危受命的戈恩
戈恩的父亲是黎巴嫩商人，母亲是法国人，1954年3月9日出生于巴西。1972年，他进入法国国立高等综合理工学院学习工程学，后考入法国国立巴黎高等矿物学院研究生院继续深造，均以优异成绩毕业。
1978年，戈恩加入米其林集团公司，1989年任米其林北美分部CEO。1996年，出任雷诺汽车公司副总裁。
戈恩接手日产时，正值外界所谓的日本“失去的20年”。当时日产汽车面临连年的亏损，经营困难。从1991年到1999年，日产汽车公司连续7年亏损，背负债务高达21000亿日元，市场份额由6.6%下降到不足5%，公司濒临破产。
不少汽车工业巨头都在考虑对日产进行竞标，但日产的巨额亏损、庞大的债务以及几乎被认定为积重难返的各种大企业弊病让强如福特、戴姆勒-克莱斯勒等公司都“知难而退”。
就在日产快要撑不下去时，万里之外的法国人却伸出了橄榄枝。1996年，日产与雷诺达成合作协议，而戈恩在谈判过程中起到了关键作用。那一年，戈恩只有45岁，事业如日中天。
在当时，日产的种种麻烦导致几乎没人看好这宗交易，甚至有观察家评论说：雷诺拯救日产的想法就如同依靠法国的公务员来复兴日本经济一样。
1999年3月27日，雷诺-日产战略联盟正式签署开始，到2002年3月28日雷诺-日产联盟战略性管理公司成立，在戈恩的主导下，雷诺和日产这对兄弟开始勒紧腰带过苦日子。
图片来源：视觉中国
按照戈恩的设想，两家公司的产品要尽量使用同一平台开发，素有“成本杀手”之称的戈恩，强行推行大裁员计划，2万名日产老员工在戈恩的手中遭到解雇。
同时，在戈恩的领导下，日产汽车对臃肿的供应商体系进行缩减，整合了原有的零部件供应商，使成本下降了20%。两年内，日产便实现了便扭亏为盈。2000年，日产汽车实现了27亿美元的盈利，成为全球获利率最高的汽车公司。仅用4年时间，日产就还清了公司全部2万亿日元的债务。
戈恩从此在汽车界名声大噪。他让日产“复活”的“神话”，也成为美国哈佛等著名高校MBA的经典研究案例。戈恩也因此成为“日产的救星与恩人”。
2017年，雷诺-日产-三菱联盟的轻型车总销量达到1061万辆，击败大众成为全球最大的轻型汽车制造商。其中，雷诺汽车的销量为376万辆，三菱汽车的销量为103万辆，日产汽车的销量达到582万辆。
同床异梦的雷诺和日产
网络上曾经有人调侃说：历来的共同奋斗者最终逃不过“四同”的结局：同舟共济——同床异梦——同室操戈——同归于尽。
在同舟共济度过难关后，雷诺与日产这对曾经的“好兄弟”，也因为进一步的融合发展而产生了分歧。
在入股日产之初，雷诺并没有要兼并日产的想法。
在2002年，雷诺持有日产44.4%的股份，已经控股日产（其他投资者持股比例最高不超过3.5%），但各种文件上均未显示“收购”字样，始终是“联盟”。这不仅是对日本人的汽车工业情结是一种安慰，也显示了雷诺的态度。
为了“维护”日产的自尊心，在2002年3月，日产获得了雷诺13.5%的股份，这也成为此后数十年日产与雷诺联盟的基础之一。但是作为合作中强势一方的法国人，自然留了后手——日产手中13.5%的雷诺股份，是没有投票权的。
2008年次贷危机爆发后，迅速席卷全球，欧洲的经济陷入长期的低速增长中。法国人可能觉得“养兵千日，用兵一时”的时候到了。
2014年，时任法国总统的弗朗索瓦•奥朗德通过了“Florange”法案，该法案允许长期投资者拥有双重投票权（法国政府是雷诺的最大股东），而2015年，雷诺的股东投票决定不阻挠这项法案在雷诺的实行。
该法案直接强化了法国政府在雷诺的话语权。而作为配合措施，2015年4月，时任法国经济部长的伊曼纽尔·马克龙（没错，就是现任法国总统）将政府在雷诺的持股比例从15%提升至19.73%，以确保政府在雷诺的双重投票权。
法国人的“霸道行为”引起了日本人的不满，他们担心这会让日产汽车更容易受到法国政府的干预。于是，日产方面发起了“反击”，其中一个措施就是日产加大对雷诺的持股，将持股比例提高至25%以上。按照日本对有关企业交叉持股的法律规定，如果日产汽车对雷诺的持股达到了25%，那雷诺将会丧失在日产43.4%的投票权。
眼看日产毫无退让的意思，法国人只好将双重投票权暂时搁置。但是两家的公司之间的隔阂就此产生，值得一提的是，本次法国的行动还一度导致两国政府之间关系紧张。
戈恩参加日本明仁天皇举办的秋季公园会（图片来源：视觉中国）
2017年，在戈恩的倡议之下，雷诺和日产的合并再一次被提上日程。2017年，雷诺-日产联盟发布“Alliance 2022”（“联盟2022”）规划。在这一规划里，戈恩有意让雷诺与日产完全合并。
但是素来为自己汽车工业自豪的日本人显然没有将自己的企业拱手让给法国人的意思。而在今年4月份，据日本经济新闻报道，日产汽车CEO西川广人驳斥了日产与盟友雷诺合并的构想，并且在法国政府敦促交易之际强调独立经营的重要性。西川广人接受访问时表示，他认为两家公司整个合并“没有实益”，反而会带来“副作用”，并称日产试图维持和雷诺及三菱汽车间的三方结盟，致力于提高管理效率。
日本媒体表示，一旦雷诺控制了日产，日本政府或将被惹怒，因为日产拥有很多汽车技术。同时，在2016年年，日产获得三菱汽车公司34%的股份，将其纳入旗下。
作为整合两家车企的关键人物，戈恩被日本媒体认为立场偏向法国政府。而他此次因为长达数月的调查而被逮捕，其背后的原因可能不止是在财报上弄虚作假这么简单。
雷诺-日产-三菱联盟将何去何从？
戈恩被捕后，法国财长布鲁诺•勒梅尔表示，他的政府“首先关注的是雷诺的稳定性”，该公司的部分股权由法国政府拥有。法国总统马克龙表示，他“将对这一联盟的稳定性保持高度警觉”。
勒梅尔将与雷诺高管开会讨论这起丑闻，但他表示现在谈论替换掉戈恩还为时过早。
但日产汽车CEO西川广人则表示，已与三菱汽车CEO进行沟通，并希望建立一个包括两名独董在内的第三方组织，恢复公司治理。
图片来源：视觉中国
在2018年上半年，雷诺-日产-三菱联盟销量创出新高，累计售出新车553.8万辆，同比增长5%。目前，该联盟销量已经超越了大众集团的551.9万辆，成为世界汽车销量第一的汽车公司。在联盟内部，雷诺汽车的增长势头最为强劲，上半年销量增长了9.8%，达到207万辆。照此发展趋势来看，联盟在今年拿下全球汽车销量冠军是大概率事件。
根据“Alliance 2022”战略规划，到2022年，雷诺-日产-三菱联盟将实现销量突破1400万辆，营业收入增至2400亿美元以及协同效应节省成本翻倍至100亿欧元的目标。与此同时，到2022年，联盟将在四个平台上推出12款新型纯电动汽车和40款不同等级的自动驾驶车辆。
作为宏伟构想的提出者和践行者，戈恩的意外事发，给雷诺-日产-三菱联盟日后的发展带来了变数。从日产汽车和三菱汽车发布的公告来看，戈恩同时卸任日产和三菱董事长或将成为大概率事件。那么，没有了戈恩的雷诺-日产-三菱联盟，还能按计划推进其2022年目标吗？
责任编辑：闫宏亮
A big power game: Nissan’s chairman was arrested. The French president was alarmed.
Original title: A good game of power! The subordinates confessed that the chairman of Nissan was arrested and the French president was also alarmed.
Renault-Nissan-Carols Ghosn, Chairman of the Mitsubishi Motors Alliance (Source: Visual China)
The Japanese who have always been rigorous and old-fashioned, in the power struggle of their own national industrial enterprises, have also killed and decided to make a decision.
On November 19th, a passenger plane flying from France landed at Tokyo’s Haneda Airport. When Carlos Ghosn, chairman of the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Motors Union, stepped off the plane, waiting for him was not a company employee or a media reporter. The former cluster is behind, but two search officers holding the "Tokyo District Procuratorate Special Search Headquarters" documents.
- Carlos Ghosn, no one in the automotive industry knows no one, he was on the verge of airborne Nissan, with strict cost control measures such as layoffs of 20,000, plus a bold alliance plan, let Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Became one of the largest automotive groups in the world, and the alliance has a new nickname: "The Kingdom of Ghos".
The subordinates confessed that Nissan’s "second-handed" screamed at the press conference that Chen Carlos Ghosn "three major crimes", the French president and the finance minister voiced it...
It seems that a dispute over the management of a company is actually a "big duel" in which Japan and France compete for the right to speak in the auto industry.
Ghos' three major crimes
According to Kyodo News, Nissan Motor CEO Nishikawa Hiroto said at a press conference that Ghosn was arrested mainly because of his three major crimes:
In the past five years, Ghosn has received 9.9 billion yen (about 600 million yuan) from Nissan Motor Co., but he has instructed his subordinates to do so in the company’s financial statement, Securities Report. I only wrote 4.9 billion, concealing a full income of 5 billion yen (about 300 million yuan).
Ghosn’s personal dictatorship built Nissan Motor Co. as the “Gover Kingdom”, denying and obliterating Nissan’s tradition and dignity.
According to the informant's report, Ghosn used the company's funds for personal purposes, and the company has conducted several months of investigations into the possible misconduct of Ghosn and representative director Greg Kelly.
Nissan Motor CEO Nishikawa Hiroki apologized at the press conference (Source: Visual China)
According to Japanese NHK’s disclosure on the 19th, Ghosn’s annual salary reached a record high of 1.098 billion yen (about 67.73 million yuan) in 2016. By 2017, revenue decreased by 33% year-on-year to 730 million yen. 45 million yuan). According to the Japanese Financial Commodities Exchange Act, listed companies are obliged to submit securities reports every year. If the contents of the report are false, the individual shall be sentenced to a maximum of 10 years imprisonment or a fine of 10 million yen (approximately 617,000 yuan), and the legal person shall be fined not more than 700 million yen. If convicted, Ghosn will not only be delisted by the three major companies, but also be jailed.
After the news broke out, panic was full of securities markets. Nissan's global depositary receipts fell more than 11%, while at the same time as Renault's leader, Renault's share price in Paris also fell by 6.2%, the lowest since 2014.
Ghosn
Ghosn’s father was a Lebanese businessman and his mother was a Frenchman. He was born in Brazil on March 9, 1954. In 1972, he entered the French National Institute of Advanced Polytechnics to study engineering, and then admitted to the Graduate School of the National Institute of Minerals in Paris, France, to continue his studies, all graduated with honors.
In 1978, Ghosn joined the Michelin Group and in 1989 he was the CEO of Michelin North America. In 1996, he became the vice president of Renault Automotive.
When Ghosn took over Nissan, it was the so-called "20 years lost" in Japan. At that time, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. faced losses in successive years and it was difficult to operate. From 1991 to 1999, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. suffered losses for seven consecutive years, carrying debts of up to 2,100 billion yen, and its market share dropped from 6.6% to less than 5%. The company is on the verge of bankruptcy.
Many auto industry giants are considering bidding for Nissan, but Nissan’s huge losses, huge debts, and the ills of the big companies that are almost recognized as hard-won are so strong that companies like Ford and DaimlerChrysler are “difficult to find”. And retreat."
Just as Nissan was about to continue, the French outside the miles extended an olive branch. In 1996, Nissan reached a cooperation agreement with Renault, and Ghosn played a key role in the negotiation process. That year, Ghosn was only 45 years old and his career was in full swing.
At that time, Nissan's troubles led to almost no one optimistic about the deal, and even observers commented that Renault's idea of saving Nissan is like relying on French civil servants to revive the Japanese economy.
On March 27, 1999, the Renault-Nissan Strategic Alliance was formally signed. On March 28, 2002, the Renault-Nissan Alliance Strategic Management Company was established. Under the leadership of Ghosn, the brothers of Renault and Nissan began to tighten their belts. Have a hard time.
Image source: Visual China
According to Ghosn’s idea, the products of the two companies should be developed on the same platform as possible. Ghosn, known as the “cost killer”, forced the implementation of the big layoff plan. 20,000 Nissan employees were dismissed in the hands of Ghosn. .
At the same time, under the leadership of Ghosn, Nissan Motor has reduced the bloated supplier system and integrated the original parts suppliers, reducing the cost by 20%. Within two years, Nissan will realize its turnaround. In 2000, Nissan Motor achieved a profit of 2.7 billion US dollars, becoming the world's highest interest rate car company. In just four years, Nissan paid off all of the company’s 2 trillion yen in debt.
Ghosn became famous in the automotive industry since then. His "myth" of "resurrection" of Nissan has also become a classic case study of MBAs in famous universities such as Harvard. Ghosn thus became the "savior and benefactor of Nissan."
In 2017, the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi alliance sold 10.61 million light vehicles, defeating Volkswagen to become the world's largest manufacturer of light vehicles. Among them, Renault's sales volume was 3.76 million units, Mitsubishi Motors' sales volume was 1.03 million units, and Nissan's sales volume reached 5.82 million units.
Renault and Nissan in the same bed
There have been people on the Internet who have said that the common strugglers of the past can't escape the end of the "four together": the same boat - the same bed dream - the same room - the same.
After the difficulties in the same boat, Renault and Nissan’s former “good brothers” also had differences because of further integration and development.
At the beginning of the shareholding in Nissan, Renault did not have the idea of acquiring Nissan.
In 2002, Renault held 44.4% of Nissan's shares and had already controlled Nissan (the other investors held a maximum of 3.5%), but the words "acquisition" were not shown on all documents, and they were always "alliance." This is not only a comfort to the Japanese auto industry complex, but also shows Renault’s attitude.
In order to "maintain" Nissan's self-respect, in March 2002, Nissan won a 13.5% stake in Renault, which became one of the foundations of Nissan and the Renault alliance for decades to come. However, the French, who is a strong partner in the cooperation, naturally left the backhand - 13.5% of Renault's shares in Nissan's hands, there is no voting rights.
After the outbreak of the subprime mortgage crisis in 2008, it quickly swept the world, and the European economy fell into a long-term low-speed growth. The French may feel that it is time to "raise troops for a thousand days and use soldiers for a while."
In 2014, François Hollande, then president of France, passed the “Florange” bill, which allows long-term investors to have dual voting rights (the French government is the largest shareholder of Renault), and in 2015, Renault’s shareholders The vote decided not to obstruct the implementation of the bill in Renault.
The bill directly strengthened the French government’s right to speak at Renault. As a cooperative measure, in April 2015, Emanuel Macron, who was then the French Minister of Economy (yes, the current French president) raised the government’s shareholding in Renault from 15% to 19.73% to ensure The government has double voting rights in Renault.
The “hegemonic behavior” of the French caused dissatisfaction among the Japanese, who feared that it would make Nissan cars more vulnerable to the intervention of the French government. As a result, Nissan initiated a "counterattack", one of which is that Nissan increased its shareholding in Renault and increased its shareholding ratio to over 25%. According to Japan’s legal provisions on cross-shareholding of related companies, if Nissan’s shareholding in Renault reaches 25%, Renault will lose 43.4% of its voting rights in Nissan.
Seeing that Nissan had no concession, the French had to put the double voting rights on hold. However, the gap between the two companies has arisen. It is worth mentioning that this French action has once again led to tension between the two governments.
Ghosn participates in the Autumn Park Conference hosted by Emperor Akihito of Japan (Source: Visual China)
In 2017, under the initiative of Ghosn, the merger of Renault and Nissan was once again put on the agenda. In 2017, the Renault-Nissan Alliance released the “Alliance 2022” (“Alliance 2022”) plan. In this plan, Ghosn intends to let Renault and Nissan fully merge.
But the Japanese, who have always been proud of their auto industry, apparently did not give their business to the French. In April of this year, according to the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Nissan Motor CEO Nishikawa Hirohito refuted the idea of the merger of Nissan and its allies, Renault, and emphasized the importance of independent management when the French government urged the transaction. In an interview, Nishikawa said that he believes that the merger of the two companies is “not beneficial” and will bring “side effects”. He also said that Nissan is trying to maintain a three-party alliance with Renault and Mitsubishi Motors, and is committed to improving management efficiency.
Japanese media said that once Renault controls Nissan, the Japanese government may be angered because Nissan has a lot of car technology. At the same time, in 2016, Nissan acquired a 34% stake in Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and included it.
As a key figure in the integration of the two car companies, Ghosn was considered by the Japanese media to be biased towards the French government. And he was arrested for months of investigations, and the reason behind it may be more than simply making money on the financial report.
Where will the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi alliance go?
After Ghosn was arrested, French Finance Minister Bruno Lemel said that his government "first concerned about the stability of Renault", part of the company's shares are owned by the French government. French President Mark Long said he "will remain highly vigilant about the stability of this alliance."
Lemaire will meet with Renault executives to discuss the scandal, but he said it is too early to talk about replacing Ghosn.
However, Nissan Motor CEO Nishikawa Hiroto said that he has communicated with the CEO of Mitsubishi Motors and hopes to establish a third-party organization including two independent directors to resume corporate governance.
Image source: Visual China
In the first half of 2018, Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi alliance sales reached a new high, with a total sales of 5.538 million new cars, an increase of 5%. At present, the alliance's sales have surpassed the 5.519 million units of the Volkswagen Group, becoming the world's number one car sales company. Within the league, Renault’s growth momentum was the strongest, with sales increasing by 9.8% in the first half of the year to 2.07 million units. According to this development trend, the alliance won the global car sales champion this year is a high probability event.
According to the "Alliance 2022" strategic plan, by 2022, the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance will achieve sales exceeding 14 million units, operating revenues to $240 billion and synergies to save costs to double to 10 billion euros. At the same time, by 2022, the Alliance will launch 12 new pure electric vehicles and 40 different levels of self-driving vehicles on four platforms.
As the proponent and practitioner of the grand conception, Ghosn’s unexpected incident brought variables to the future development of the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance. Judging from the announcements issued by Nissan and Mitsubishi Motors, Ghosn’s resignation as Nissan and Mitsubishi’s chairman will be a high probability event. So, without the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi alliance of Ghosn, can it advance its 2022 target as planned?
Editor in charge: Yan Hongliang
好一场夺权大戏：日产董事长被抓 法国总统被惊动
原标题：好一场夺权大戏！下属告密，日产董事长被抓，法国总统也被惊动
雷诺-日产-三菱汽车联盟董事长卡洛斯·戈恩（图片来源：视觉中国）
一向严谨古板的日本人，在自己民族工业企业的权力争夺上，却也杀伐决断，让人惊愕。
11月19日，一架从法国飞来的客机降落在东京羽田机场，当雷诺-日产-三菱汽车联盟的董事长卡洛斯·戈恩走下飞机时，等待他的不是公司职员和媒体记者的前簇后拥，而是两名手持“东京地方检察院特别搜查本部”证件的搜查官。
——卡洛斯·戈恩，汽车工业界无人不知无人不晓，他曾临危受命空降日产，凭借裁员2万人等严厉的成本控制措施，加上大胆的联盟计划，让雷诺-日产-三菱成为全球最大的汽车集团之一，该联盟由此有了一个新外号：“戈恩王国”。
下属告密，日产的“二把手”在新闻会上痛陈卡洛斯·戈恩“三大罪状”，法国总统和财长为之发声……
看似一场企业的管理权之争，实则是日本和法国争夺汽车工业话语权的“大决斗”。
戈恩的三大罪状
据共同社报道，日产汽车CEO西川广人在记者会上表示，戈恩被捕主要是因为他的三大罪状：
过去5年中，戈恩明明从日产汽车公司领取了99亿日元（约6亿元人民币）的报酬，但是他却指示部下做手脚，在公司的财务报表《有价证券报告书》中，只写了49亿，隐瞒了整整50亿日元（约3亿元人民币）的收入。
戈恩个人独裁，将日产汽车公司建为“戈恩王国”，否定并抹杀日产的传统与尊严。
据告密者的报告，戈恩曾将公司资金用于个人用途，公司内部已对戈恩和代表董事格雷格·凯利（Greg Kelly）可能存在的不当行为进行了数月的调查。
日产汽车CEO西川广人在记者会上道歉（图片来源：视觉中国）
据日本NHK 19日披露，戈恩的年薪在2016年达历史最高，为10.98亿日元（约合6773万元人民币），到了2017年，收入同比减少了33%至7.3亿日元（约合4500万元人民币）。另据日本《金融商品交易法》，上市公司有义务在每年提交有价证券报告书。如果报告书内容有假，个人处以10年以下有期徒刑或1000万日元（约合61.7万元人民币）以下罚款，法人处以7亿日元以下罚款。如果罪名成立，戈恩不仅将被三大公司除名，还要遭受牢狱之灾。
消息爆出后，恐慌情绪充斥着证券市场。日产全球存托凭证跌幅超过11%，而同时作为雷诺的领导人，雷诺在巴黎的股价也下跌了6.2%，创2014年以来新低。
临危受命的戈恩
戈恩的父亲是黎巴嫩商人，母亲是法国人，1954年3月9日出生于巴西。1972年，他进入法国国立高等综合理工学院学习工程学，后考入法国国立巴黎高等矿物学院研究生院继续深造，均以优异成绩毕业。
1978年，戈恩加入米其林集团公司，1989年任米其林北美分部CEO。1996年，出任雷诺汽车公司副总裁。
戈恩接手日产时，正值外界所谓的日本“失去的20年”。当时日产汽车面临连年的亏损，经营困难。从1991年到1999年，日产汽车公司连续7年亏损，背负债务高达21000亿日元，市场份额由6.6%下降到不足5%，公司濒临破产。
不少汽车工业巨头都在考虑对日产进行竞标，但日产的巨额亏损、庞大的债务以及几乎被认定为积重难返的各种大企业弊病让强如福特、戴姆勒-克莱斯勒等公司都“知难而退”。
就在日产快要撑不下去时，万里之外的法国人却伸出了橄榄枝。1996年，日产与雷诺达成合作协议，而戈恩在谈判过程中起到了关键作用。那一年，戈恩只有45岁，事业如日中天。
在当时，日产的种种麻烦导致几乎没人看好这宗交易，甚至有观察家评论说：雷诺拯救日产的想法就如同依靠法国的公务员来复兴日本经济一样。
1999年3月27日，雷诺-日产战略联盟正式签署开始，到2002年3月28日雷诺-日产联盟战略性管理公司成立，在戈恩的主导下，雷诺和日产这对兄弟开始勒紧腰带过苦日子。
图片来源：视觉中国
按照戈恩的设想，两家公司的产品要尽量使用同一平台开发，素有“成本杀手”之称的戈恩，强行推行大裁员计划，2万名日产老员工在戈恩的手中遭到解雇。
同时，在戈恩的领导下，日产汽车对臃肿的供应商体系进行缩减，整合了原有的零部件供应商，使成本下降了20%。两年内，日产便实现了便扭亏为盈。2000年，日产汽车实现了27亿美元的盈利，成为全球获利率最高的汽车公司。仅用4年时间，日产就还清了公司全部2万亿日元的债务。
戈恩从此在汽车界名声大噪。他让日产“复活”的“神话”，也成为美国哈佛等著名高校MBA的经典研究案例。戈恩也因此成为“日产的救星与恩人”。
2017年，雷诺-日产-三菱联盟的轻型车总销量达到1061万辆，击败大众成为全球最大的轻型汽车制造商。其中，雷诺汽车的销量为376万辆，三菱汽车的销量为103万辆，日产汽车的销量达到582万辆。
同床异梦的雷诺和日产
网络上曾经有人调侃说：历来的共同奋斗者最终逃不过“四同”的结局：同舟共济——同床异梦——同室操戈——同归于尽。
在同舟共济度过难关后，雷诺与日产这对曾经的“好兄弟”，也因为进一步的融合发展而产生了分歧。
在入股日产之初，雷诺并没有要兼并日产的想法。
在2002年，雷诺持有日产44.4%的股份，已经控股日产（其他投资者持股比例最高不超过3.5%），但各种文件上均未显示“收购”字样，始终是“联盟”。这不仅是对日本人的汽车工业情结是一种安慰，也显示了雷诺的态度。
为了“维护”日产的自尊心，在2002年3月，日产获得了雷诺13.5%的股份，这也成为此后数十年日产与雷诺联盟的基础之一。但是作为合作中强势一方的法国人，自然留了后手——日产手中13.5%的雷诺股份，是没有投票权的。
2008年次贷危机爆发后，迅速席卷全球，欧洲的经济陷入长期的低速增长中。法国人可能觉得“养兵千日，用兵一时”的时候到了。
2014年，时任法国总统的弗朗索瓦•奥朗德通过了“Florange”法案，该法案允许长期投资者拥有双重投票权（法国政府是雷诺的最大股东），而2015年，雷诺的股东投票决定不阻挠这项法案在雷诺的实行。
该法案直接强化了法国政府在雷诺的话语权。而作为配合措施，2015年4月，时任法国经济部长的伊曼纽尔·马克龙（没错，就是现任法国总统）将政府在雷诺的持股比例从15%提升至19.73%，以确保政府在雷诺的双重投票权。
法国人的“霸道行为”引起了日本人的不满，他们担心这会让日产汽车更容易受到法国政府的干预。于是，日产方面发起了“反击”，其中一个措施就是日产加大对雷诺的持股，将持股比例提高至25%以上。按照日本对有关企业交叉持股的法律规定，如果日产汽车对雷诺的持股达到了25%，那雷诺将会丧失在日产43.4%的投票权。
眼看日产毫无退让的意思，法国人只好将双重投票权暂时搁置。但是两家的公司之间的隔阂就此产生，值得一提的是，本次法国的行动还一度导致两国政府之间关系紧张。
戈恩参加日本明仁天皇举办的秋季公园会（图片来源：视觉中国）
2017年，在戈恩的倡议之下，雷诺和日产的合并再一次被提上日程。2017年，雷诺-日产联盟发布“Alliance 2022”（“联盟2022”）规划。在这一规划里，戈恩有意让雷诺与日产完全合并。
但是素来为自己汽车工业自豪的日本人显然没有将自己的企业拱手让给法国人的意思。而在今年4月份，据日本经济新闻报道，日产汽车CEO西川广人驳斥了日产与盟友雷诺合并的构想，并且在法国政府敦促交易之际强调独立经营的重要性。西川广人接受访问时表示，他认为两家公司整个合并“没有实益”，反而会带来“副作用”，并称日产试图维持和雷诺及三菱汽车间的三方结盟，致力于提高管理效率。
日本媒体表示，一旦雷诺控制了日产，日本政府或将被惹怒，因为日产拥有很多汽车技术。同时，在2016年年，日产获得三菱汽车公司34%的股份，将其纳入旗下。
作为整合两家车企的关键人物，戈恩被日本媒体认为立场偏向法国政府。而他此次因为长达数月的调查而被逮捕，其背后的原因可能不止是在财报上弄虚作假这么简单。
雷诺-日产-三菱联盟将何去何从？
戈恩被捕后，法国财长布鲁诺•勒梅尔表示，他的政府“首先关注的是雷诺的稳定性”，该公司的部分股权由法国政府拥有。法国总统马克龙表示，他“将对这一联盟的稳定性保持高度警觉”。
勒梅尔将与雷诺高管开会讨论这起丑闻，但他表示现在谈论替换掉戈恩还为时过早。
但日产汽车CEO西川广人则表示，已与三菱汽车CEO进行沟通，并希望建立一个包括两名独董在内的第三方组织，恢复公司治理。
图片来源：视觉中国
在2018年上半年，雷诺-日产-三菱联盟销量创出新高，累计售出新车553.8万辆，同比增长5%。目前，该联盟销量已经超越了大众集团的551.9万辆，成为世界汽车销量第一的汽车公司。在联盟内部，雷诺汽车的增长势头最为强劲，上半年销量增长了9.8%，达到207万辆。照此发展趋势来看，联盟在今年拿下全球汽车销量冠军是大概率事件。
根据“Alliance 2022”战略规划，到2022年，雷诺-日产-三菱联盟将实现销量突破1400万辆，营业收入增至2400亿美元以及协同效应节省成本翻倍至100亿欧元的目标。与此同时，到2022年，联盟将在四个平台上推出12款新型纯电动汽车和40款不同等级的自动驾驶车辆。
作为宏伟构想的提出者和践行者，戈恩的意外事发，给雷诺-日产-三菱联盟日后的发展带来了变数。从日产汽车和三菱汽车发布的公告来看，戈恩同时卸任日产和三菱董事长或将成为大概率事件。那么，没有了戈恩的雷诺-日产-三菱联盟，还能按计划推进其2022年目标吗？
责任编辑：闫宏亮
A big power game: Nissan’s chairman was arrested. The French president was alarmed.
Original title: A good game of power! The subordinates confessed that the chairman of Nissan was arrested and the French president was also alarmed.
Renault-Nissan-Carols Ghosn, Chairman of the Mitsubishi Motors Alliance (Source: Visual China)
The Japanese who have always been rigorous and old-fashioned, in the power struggle of their own national industrial enterprises, have also killed and decided to make a decision.
On November 19th, a passenger plane flying from France landed at Tokyo’s Haneda Airport. When Carlos Ghosn, chairman of the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Motors Union, stepped off the plane, waiting for him was not a company employee or a media reporter. The former cluster is behind, but two search officers holding the "Tokyo District Procuratorate Special Search Headquarters" documents.
- Carlos Ghosn, no one in the automotive industry knows no one, he was on the verge of airborne Nissan, with strict cost control measures such as layoffs of 20,000, plus a bold alliance plan, let Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Became one of the largest automotive groups in the world, and the alliance has a new nickname: "The Kingdom of Ghos".
The subordinates confessed that Nissan’s "second-handed" screamed at the press conference that Chen Carlos Ghosn "three major crimes", the French president and the finance minister voiced it...
It seems that a dispute over the management of a company is actually a "big duel" in which Japan and France compete for the right to speak in the auto industry.
Ghos' three major crimes
According to Kyodo News, Nissan Motor CEO Nishikawa Hiroto said at a press conference that Ghosn was arrested mainly because of his three major crimes:
In the past five years, Ghosn has received 9.9 billion yen (about 600 million yuan) from Nissan Motor Co., but he has instructed his subordinates to do so in the company’s financial statement, Securities Report. I only wrote 4.9 billion, concealing a full income of 5 billion yen (about 300 million yuan).
Ghosn’s personal dictatorship built Nissan Motor Co. as the “Gover Kingdom”, denying and obliterating Nissan’s tradition and dignity.
According to the informant's report, Ghosn used the company's funds for personal purposes, and the company has conducted several months of investigations into the possible misconduct of Ghosn and representative director Greg Kelly.
Nissan Motor CEO Nishikawa Hiroki apologized at the press conference (Source: Visual China)
According to Japanese NHK’s disclosure on the 19th, Ghosn’s annual salary reached a record high of 1.098 billion yen (about 67.73 million yuan) in 2016. By 2017, revenue decreased by 33% year-on-year to 730 million yen. 45 million yuan). According to the Japanese Financial Commodities Exchange Act, listed companies are obliged to submit securities reports every year. If the contents of the report are false, the individual shall be sentenced to a maximum of 10 years imprisonment or a fine of 10 million yen (approximately 617,000 yuan), and the legal person shall be fined not more than 700 million yen. If convicted, Ghosn will not only be delisted by the three major companies, but also be jailed.
After the news broke out, panic was full of securities markets. Nissan's global depositary receipts fell more than 11%, while at the same time as Renault's leader, Renault's share price in Paris also fell by 6.2%, the lowest since 2014.
Ghosn
Ghosn’s father was a Lebanese businessman and his mother was a Frenchman. He was born in Brazil on March 9, 1954. In 1972, he entered the French National Institute of Advanced Polytechnics to study engineering, and then admitted to the Graduate School of the National Institute of Minerals in Paris, France, to continue his studies, all graduated with honors.
In 1978, Ghosn joined the Michelin Group and in 1989 he was the CEO of Michelin North America. In 1996, he became the vice president of Renault Automotive.
When Ghosn took over Nissan, it was the so-called "20 years lost" in Japan. At that time, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. faced losses in successive years and it was difficult to operate. From 1991 to 1999, Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. suffered losses for seven consecutive years, carrying debts of up to 2,100 billion yen, and its market share dropped from 6.6% to less than 5%. The company is on the verge of bankruptcy.
Many auto industry giants are considering bidding for Nissan, but Nissan’s huge losses, huge debts, and the ills of the big companies that are almost recognized as hard-won are so strong that companies like Ford and DaimlerChrysler are “difficult to find”. And retreat."
Just as Nissan was about to continue, the French outside the miles extended an olive branch. In 1996, Nissan reached a cooperation agreement with Renault, and Ghosn played a key role in the negotiation process. That year, Ghosn was only 45 years old and his career was in full swing.
At that time, Nissan's troubles led to almost no one optimistic about the deal, and even observers commented that Renault's idea of saving Nissan is like relying on French civil servants to revive the Japanese economy.
On March 27, 1999, the Renault-Nissan Strategic Alliance was formally signed. On March 28, 2002, the Renault-Nissan Alliance Strategic Management Company was established. Under the leadership of Ghosn, the brothers of Renault and Nissan began to tighten their belts. Have a hard time.
Image source: Visual China
According to Ghosn’s idea, the products of the two companies should be developed on the same platform as possible. Ghosn, known as the “cost killer”, forced the implementation of the big layoff plan. 20,000 Nissan employees were dismissed in the hands of Ghosn. .
At the same time, under the leadership of Ghosn, Nissan Motor has reduced the bloated supplier system and integrated the original parts suppliers, reducing the cost by 20%. Within two years, Nissan will realize its turnaround. In 2000, Nissan Motor achieved a profit of 2.7 billion US dollars, becoming the world's highest interest rate car company. In just four years, Nissan paid off all of the company’s 2 trillion yen in debt.
Ghosn became famous in the automotive industry since then. His "myth" of "resurrection" of Nissan has also become a classic case study of MBAs in famous universities such as Harvard. Ghosn thus became the "savior and benefactor of Nissan."
In 2017, the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi alliance sold 10.61 million light vehicles, defeating Volkswagen to become the world's largest manufacturer of light vehicles. Among them, Renault's sales volume was 3.76 million units, Mitsubishi Motors' sales volume was 1.03 million units, and Nissan's sales volume reached 5.82 million units.
Renault and Nissan in the same bed
There have been people on the Internet who have said that the common strugglers of the past can't escape the end of the "four together": the same boat - the same bed dream - the same room - the same.
After the difficulties in the same boat, Renault and Nissan’s former “good brothers” also had differences because of further integration and development.
At the beginning of the shareholding in Nissan, Renault did not have the idea of acquiring Nissan.
In 2002, Renault held 44.4% of Nissan's shares and had already controlled Nissan (the other investors held a maximum of 3.5%), but the words "acquisition" were not shown on all documents, and they were always "alliance." This is not only a comfort to the Japanese auto industry complex, but also shows Renault’s attitude.
In order to "maintain" Nissan's self-respect, in March 2002, Nissan won a 13.5% stake in Renault, which became one of the foundations of Nissan and the Renault alliance for decades to come. However, the French, who is a strong partner in the cooperation, naturally left the backhand - 13.5% of Renault's shares in Nissan's hands, there is no voting rights.
After the outbreak of the subprime mortgage crisis in 2008, it quickly swept the world, and the European economy fell into a long-term low-speed growth. The French may feel that it is time to "raise troops for a thousand days and use soldiers for a while."
In 2014, François Hollande, then president of France, passed the “Florange” bill, which allows long-term investors to have dual voting rights (the French government is the largest shareholder of Renault), and in 2015, Renault’s shareholders The vote decided not to obstruct the implementation of the bill in Renault.
The bill directly strengthened the French government’s right to speak at Renault. As a cooperative measure, in April 2015, Emanuel Macron, who was then the French Minister of Economy (yes, the current French president) raised the government’s shareholding in Renault from 15% to 19.73% to ensure The government has double voting rights in Renault.
The “hegemonic behavior” of the French caused dissatisfaction among the Japanese, who feared that it would make Nissan cars more vulnerable to the intervention of the French government. As a result, Nissan initiated a "counterattack", one of which is that Nissan increased its shareholding in Renault and increased its shareholding ratio to over 25%. According to Japan’s legal provisions on cross-shareholding of related companies, if Nissan’s shareholding in Renault reaches 25%, Renault will lose 43.4% of its voting rights in Nissan.
Seeing that Nissan had no concession, the French had to put the double voting rights on hold. However, the gap between the two companies has arisen. It is worth mentioning that this French action has once again led to tension between the two governments.
Ghosn participates in the Autumn Park Conference hosted by Emperor Akihito of Japan (Source: Visual China)
In 2017, under the initiative of Ghosn, the merger of Renault and Nissan was once again put on the agenda. In 2017, the Renault-Nissan Alliance released the “Alliance 2022” (“Alliance 2022”) plan. In this plan, Ghosn intends to let Renault and Nissan fully merge.
But the Japanese, who have always been proud of their auto industry, apparently did not give their business to the French. In April of this year, according to the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Nissan Motor CEO Nishikawa Hirohito refuted the idea of the merger of Nissan and its allies, Renault, and emphasized the importance of independent management when the French government urged the transaction. In an interview, Nishikawa said that he believes that the merger of the two companies is “not beneficial” and will bring “side effects”. He also said that Nissan is trying to maintain a three-party alliance with Renault and Mitsubishi Motors, and is committed to improving management efficiency.
Japanese media said that once Renault controls Nissan, the Japanese government may be angered because Nissan has a lot of car technology. At the same time, in 2016, Nissan acquired a 34% stake in Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and included it.
As a key figure in the integration of the two car companies, Ghosn was considered by the Japanese media to be biased towards the French government. And he was arrested for months of investigations, and the reason behind it may be more than simply making money on the financial report.
Where will the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi alliance go?
After Ghosn was arrested, French Finance Minister Bruno Lemel said that his government "first concerned about the stability of Renault", part of the company's shares are owned by the French government. French President Mark Long said he "will remain highly vigilant about the stability of this alliance."
Lemaire will meet with Renault executives to discuss the scandal, but he said it is too early to talk about replacing Ghosn.
However, Nissan Motor CEO Nishikawa Hiroto said that he has communicated with the CEO of Mitsubishi Motors and hopes to establish a third-party organization including two independent directors to resume corporate governance.
Image source: Visual China
In the first half of 2018, Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi alliance sales reached a new high, with a total sales of 5.538 million new cars, an increase of 5%. At present, the alliance's sales have surpassed the 5.519 million units of the Volkswagen Group, becoming the world's number one car sales company. Within the league, Renault’s growth momentum was the strongest, with sales increasing by 9.8% in the first half of the year to 2.07 million units. According to this development trend, the alliance won the global car sales champion this year is a high probability event.
According to the "Alliance 2022" strategic plan, by 2022, the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance will achieve sales exceeding 14 million units, operating revenues to $240 billion and synergies to save costs to double to 10 billion euros. At the same time, by 2022, the Alliance will launch 12 new pure electric vehicles and 40 different levels of self-driving vehicles on four platforms.
As the proponent and practitioner of the grand conception, Ghosn’s unexpected incident brought variables to the future development of the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance. Judging from the announcements issued by Nissan and Mitsubishi Motors, Ghosn’s resignation as Nissan and Mitsubishi’s chairman will be a high probability event. So, without the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi alliance of Ghosn, can it advance its 2022 target as planned?
Editor in charge: Yan Hongliang
