https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-09-27/doc-iicezueu8679225.shtml
075两栖舰对海军有哪些转变：从由陆到陆到由海到陆
075两栖舰对海军有哪些转变：从由陆到陆到由海到陆
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作者：红旗烟灰缸
在25日的上午9时20分许，中国首艘两栖攻击舰，也就是大家一直说的“小平顶”075型，突然宣布举行下水仪式。这一刻，超出我们军迷的预计，这一天，很多军迷群晚上聊天开场就是：“晚上加菜了吗？”
075下水仪式
075为何引人关注？因为这和中国首艘航母辽宁舰一样，有着其特殊的政治和历史意义。这并非是简单的一艘军舰，而是能折射出未来至少十年内我国的政治和军事重心与海军的发展方向。首先，这并非完全是很多自媒体热炒的“海峡特快”，如果仅仅这么做，那么可谓是暴殄天物了；而如果只这么想，那么可就是低估075的作用和意义了。这一切，就要从两栖作战的两种形式来说起。
首先我们要认识到，两栖作战是一种特殊的海陆空联合战役行动。而两栖作战也可根据出发基地的不同分为截然不同的两种——由陆到陆和由海到陆。简单来说，由陆到陆就是从这个陆地到对岸去，我们想办法跨过这片水域去对岸（渡江战役某种程度算超级简配版）；由海到陆就是在船上搭载的登陆部队上岸，部队的整备和出发都是在海上进行。
这两者之间对武器装备特别是两栖作战舰艇的需求有着截然的不同，由陆到陆就不需要考虑部队和航空兵的驻扎问题，因为陆地能提供远超航母的航空作业能力。而且因为水域宽度较窄，可以依托岸基航空兵甚至部署在后方的火炮和导弹等远程武器对滩头实施压制，往往也不会存在着远洋的海况，对船只的抗风浪性要求较低，相对而言不需要登陆舰有太强的远洋自持力和航海性能。逼急了大不了民船甲板装火炮来实行火力压制。
因此由陆到陆的重点只需要考虑如何让己方的部队跨过这片水域。而两栖登陆作战的根本在于第一批部队能否稳固住滩头阵地，而占领并开拓和稳固滩头阵地的最简单的操作就是增兵，比如说一次投放一个两栖装甲营可能会被对方的装甲团反冲锋击垮，但是在整个战役宽度上多点攻击，每个的第一批次都是团以上级别单位，那么对方用作救急的部署在二线的装甲力量将很难击垮滩头阵地。这也就是为什么由陆到陆的登陆作战和演习往往规模都较大甚至征用了民船，毕竟投放能力越大越好。
野牛气垫登陆舰这种无法塞入两栖攻击舰的大型气垫船在近距离作战完全可以独立使用
但是到了由海到陆，条件就差多了，兵员得住船上，不得不有大吨位的作战舰艇充当陆地基地，提供航空支援和物资与部队的携带功能。由于编队中在海况恶劣时甚至很难携带缺乏远洋性能的坦克登陆舰，只能使用可以存放在母舰上的小型的人员和车辆登陆艇，登陆前还得花时间转移人员到登陆艇上。
这种二战时使用的登陆艇，得先用起重机将它从母舰的甲板上吊入水中，士兵再通过绳梯慢慢的爬下来，效率不可谓不低下。而正是这种刺激下，战后才发展了船坞登陆舰——顾名思义，就是船本身类似于一个陆地上的小船坞，兵员和车辆可以在舰体内部完成换乘后再通过尾舱门驶出。这也就迫使现在的两栖作战舰艇都是个顶个的大块头。然而即使这样也很难通过单舰发动大规模攻势（因为即使美国的“黄蜂”两栖攻击舰，也最多只能携带一个营）。
这也就是为什么苏联优先发展的并非两栖攻击舰而是野牛这种大型气垫登陆舰——苏联红海军的两栖登陆目标是波罗的海对面，平均宽度只有190公里。试想一下这个距离，你说是造一艘三四万吨的两栖攻击舰，每个军舰上载着几架攻击机和不足4的气垫登陆艇，每艘艇只能带一辆坦克，还得为了安全在距离岸边40公里处（也就是开出自家港口一百多公里而已）就停下来放登陆艇这种花大价钱还效率低下的作战方式，还是直接制造大型气垫船和坦克登陆舰，从自家港口出发直接到滩头，每艘都能能带几辆坦克，同时伴随着陆地起飞的攻击机群更靠谱？两栖攻击舰航空力量和运载能力再强大，能比的过陆地基地？
而台湾海峡就是一种典型的由陆到陆的两栖作战体系。台湾东海岸缺乏登陆场所，基本也无法支持很多人设想的由海到陆的作战。因此由陆到陆不但是效费比最高，同时也是唯一可行的主要攻击手段。而这也就是为什么我国特地引进欧洲野牛这款巨无霸气垫船的原因。至于075，固然，无论是作为策应力量还是直接在登陆场为短腿的直升机充当中转机场，都是很不错的选择，但是这一切都大材小用了。正如同航母编队是用来远洋破袭和封锁，以及关键时刻作为主力进行舰队决战，而非用来亚丁湾护航和在不足300公里宽的福建沿海充当机场。很显然，海峡特快仅仅是075可以承担的一项任务，而非其最终目的。而其最终目的相信很多人现在也能想到了，没错，执行“由海到海”的攻势行动。
船厂中的075
075作为两栖攻击舰，相比于071型最大的特点就是在保留了大型坞舱时，使用了直通甲板，这就意味着该舰有着远超071的强大的航空作业能力，甚至在未来可以搭载垂直/短距起降战机。这就意味着可以进行数倍于071的垂直登陆或者滩头航空火力掩护。加上其大吨位，使得在搭载更多的车辆人员时，有着更强的抗风浪性能和海上自持力，更能适应长距离的远洋任务。
随着吉布提保障基地的建立，中国海军已经不但从吨位上成为了一支区域性强大舰队，也成功的拓展了自己的影响力和利益范围。而这些地段，是国际繁忙的水域或沿岸，政治局面复杂，比如中东的局势。这也就意味着，我们必须要有一只远洋干涉能力的海军舰队来保卫我们的远洋利益。
虽然很多人鼓吹制海权和制空权无敌，但是笔者要严肃的指出，制海和制空权必须要能对另一个位面产生影响时，才是有用的，正如同战列舰不怕海鸥，智人还能吃鸽子一样，如果一只舰队无法投放陆地作战单位，那么这只舰队的政治影响力就仅仅限于沿岸——然而这些局势动荡的小国本身就没多少国际贸易和沿岸利益。美国的制海权之所以能左右小国，是因为航母编队后面就是有若干个存放有整整一个旅的陆军装备的海上预制舰和若干个搭载四等人（陆战队）的两栖打击群，这些运输船就是海上浮动的陆军仓库，两栖打击群和上面的陆战队就是先头部队。美国实际上是有能力在数个月内就完成一次对小国家的由海到陆的攻势行动的部署，而这才是美国制海权能有国际影响的一个保障。如果你不奔向自由，那么山姆大叔就会坐着气垫船来让你自由。
而现在075的下水，则体现了我们的新时代的战略，那就是积极主动的。075，虽然只有一艘，但是这将是中国海军走出去的历史见证。自然，有些国家会对此大惊小怪说三道四渲染中国威胁论，但我觉得，当我们造的航母和攻击舰多了，这些国家也就会习惯了，也就不存在渲染中国威胁论了。
075 What changes have the amphibious ship made to the Navy: from land to land to sea to land
075 What changes have the amphibious ship made to the Navy: from land to land to sea to land
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Author: red flag ashtray
At 9:20 am on the 25th, China’s first amphibious assault ship, known as the “Xiaopingding” 075, suddenly announced the launching ceremony. At this moment, beyond the expectations of our military fans, this day, many military fans group chat at night: "Do you have food at night?"
075 launching ceremony 075 launching ceremony
Why is 075 attracting attention? Because this is the same as China's first carrier, the Liaoning ship, with its special political and historical significance. This is not a simple warship, but it can reflect the political and military focus of our country and the development direction of the navy in at least ten years. First of all, this is not exactly a "strait express" that has been heated up by the media. If you only do this, it can be described as a violent thing; if you only think so, then you can underestimate the role and significance of 075. All of this must start with two forms of amphibious operations.
First of all, we must realize that amphibious operations are a special joint action of sea, land and air. The amphibious operations can also be divided into two distinct types depending on the starting base - from land to land and from sea to land. To put it simply, from land to land, from this land to the other side, we want to cross the waters to the other side (the cross-river battle is a super-simplified version); from the sea to the land is the landing on the ship. The troops went ashore, and the troops’ maintenance and departures were carried out at sea.
The demand for weapons and equipment, especially amphibious warships, is quite different. From land to land, there is no need to consider the stationing of troops and aviation, because the land can provide aviation operations far beyond the aircraft carrier. Moreover, because the width of the water is narrow, it can rely on shore-based aviation or even long-range weapons such as artillery and missiles deployed at the rear to suppress the beachhead. There is often no ocean-going sea state, and the ship’s wind-resistant requirements are relatively low. There is no need for the landing ship to have too strong oceanic self-sustaining power and nautical performance. It is urgent to make a big fire in the deck of a civilian ship to carry out fire suppression.
Therefore, the focus from land to land only needs to consider how to let your own troops cross the waters. The root of the amphibious landing operation is whether the first batch of troops can stabilize the beachhead position. The simplest operation to occupy and develop and stabilize the beachhead position is to increase the number of troops. For example, once an amphibious armored battalion may be put on the other's armored regiment. The counter-attack strikes, but there are more attacks on the entire width of the battle. The first batch of each is a unit above the regiment level, so the armored forces deployed by the opponent in the second line will be difficult to hit the beachhead. This is why landing operations and exercises from land to land tend to be larger and even require the use of civilian ships. After all, the greater the ability to deliver, the better.
The buffalo hovering landing ship, a large hovercraft that cannot be inserted into an amphibious assault ship, can completely use the Bison hover landing ship in close combat. This large hovercraft that cannot be inserted into an amphibious assault ship can be used independently in close combat.
However, when it comes from the sea to the land, the conditions are much worse. The soldiers have to live on the ship and have to have large tonnage combat ships to serve as land bases, providing aviation support and material and military carrying functions. Due to the difficulty in carrying tank landing ships lacking ocean-going performance in the formation of the sea, only small personnel and vehicle landing crafts that can be stored on the mothership can be used. It is necessary to take time to transfer personnel to the landing craft before landing.
This type of landing craft used in World War II must first be lifted from the deck of the mothership into the water by a crane. The soldiers then slowly climb down through the rope ladder, and the efficiency is not low. It was this kind of stimuli that developed the dock landing ship after the war - as the name suggests, the ship itself is similar to a small dock on the land. The soldiers and vehicles can be transferred inside the hull and then through the tailgate. Out. This also forced the current amphibious warships to be a big one. However, even this is difficult to launch a large-scale offensive through a single ship (because even the US "Hornet" amphibious assault ship can only carry at most one battalion).
This is why the Soviet Union has not developed an amphibious assault ship but a large hovercraft landing ship such as the Bison. The amphibious landing target of the Soviet Red Navy is opposite the Baltic Sea, with an average width of only 190 kilometers. Imagine this distance. You said that it is to build a 30,000-ton-ton amphibious assault ship. Each warship carries several attack aircraft and less than 4 air-cushion landing craft. Each boat can only carry one tank, but also for safety. At a distance of 40 kilometers from the shore (that is, more than 100 kilometers from the port of its own), it is a cost-effective and inefficient way to land a landing craft. It is also a direct production of large hovercraft and tank landing ships, starting from its own port. Directly to the beach, each boat can bring a few tanks, and the attack aircraft group with land takeoff is more reliable? The amphibious assault ship's aviation power and carrying capacity are stronger and can be compared to the land base?
The Taiwan Strait is a typical land-to-land amphibious combat system. The lack of landing sites on the east coast of Taiwan basically does not support the sea-to-land operations envisioned by many people. Therefore, land-to-land is not only the most cost-effective, but also the only viable main attack. And this is why China has specially introduced the European Bison this giant bass hovercraft. As for 075, of course, it is a very good choice for the helicopters that serve as short-legged helicopters as a countermeasure or directly on the landing site, but all of this is overkill. Just as the same aircraft carrier formation is used for ocean-going attacks and blockades, as well as the key moments for the fleet battle, not for the Gulf of Aden escort and for the airport along the Fujian coast less than 300 kilometers wide. Obviously, the Straits Express is only a task that the 075 can undertake, not its ultimate goal. The ultimate goal is that many people can think of it now, yes, carry out the offensive action from the sea to the sea.
075 in the shipyard's 075 shipyard
As an amphibious assault ship, the 075 is the biggest feature compared to the 071. It uses a straight-through deck when retaining a large docking bay. This means that the ship has a powerful aviation capability far exceeding 071, and can even be carried in the future. Vertical/short takeoff and landing aircraft. This means that multiple vertical landings of 071 or beachhead fire protection can be performed. Together with its large tonnage, it has stronger wind and wave resistance and sea self-sustaining ability when it is equipped with more vehicle personnel, and is more suitable for long-distance ocean-going tasks.
With the establishment of the Djibouti security base, the Chinese Navy has not only become a regional strong fleet from the tonnage, but also successfully expanded its influence and interests. These areas are internationally busy waters or coastal areas, and the political situation is complex, such as the situation in the Middle East. This means that we must have a naval fleet of ocean-going capabilities to defend our ocean-going interests.
Although many people advocate that the sea power and the air power are invincible, the author should seriously point out that it is useful to make the sea and air superiority have an influence on another plane. Just as the battleship is not afraid of seagulls, the Homo sapiens can eat pigeons. If a fleet is unable to launch a land-based combat unit, then the political influence of the fleet is limited to the coast. However, these turbulent small countries do not have much international trade and coastal interests. The reason why the US sea power can control small countries is because there are a number of maritime prefabricated ships with a whole brigade’s army equipment and several amphibious strike groups carrying fourth-class (land corps) behind the aircraft carrier formation. These ships are The floating army warehouse at sea, the amphibious strike group and the above-mentioned marine team are the leading troops. The United States is actually capable of completing the deployment of a sea-to-land offensive against small countries within a few months, and this is a guarantee that the US sea power can have an international impact. If you don't go to freedom, then Uncle Sam will sit on a hovercraft to make you free.
The current 075 launch reflects our new era strategy, which is proactive. 075, although there is only one ship, this will be a historical testimony of the Chinese navy going out. Naturally, some countries will make a fuss about the Chinese threat theory, but I think that when we build more aircraft carriers and attack ships, these countries will get used to it, and there is no rendering of China threat theory.
