Many definitions/types of corruption but to me the worst is Government, or 'political', corruption which occurs when an
office-holder or other governmental employee
acts in an official capacity for personal gain..
Just as bad is Judicial corruption which refers to.....misconduct of
judges ..
bias in the hearing and judgement of arguments and other such misconduct.....
Governmental corruption of judiciary is......
because the budget is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary.......
Corruption occur at different scales and the
most damaging is Systemic corruption (or endemic corruption)where corruption is primarily due to the weaknesses of an organization or process. ........
Factors which encourage systemic corruption include conflicting incentives, discretionary powers;
monopolistic powers;
lack of transparency; low pay; and
a culture of impunity....
Types of corrupt gain include Favoritism, nepotism and clientelism which involve the
favouring of not the perpetrator of corruption but someone related to them, such as a
friend, family member or member of an association. Examples would include
hiring a family member to a role they are not qualified for or promoting a staff member who belongs to the same political party as you, regardless of merit.
R. Klitgaard postulates that
corruption will occur if the corrupt gain is greater than the penalty multiplied by the likelihood of being caught and prosecuted:
Corrupt gain > Penalty × Likelihood of being caught and prosecuted
The
degree of corruption will then be a function of the degree of monopoly and discretion in deciding who should get how much on the one hand and the degree to which this activity is accountable and transparent on the other hand......
a high degree of monopoly and discretion accompanied by a low degree of transparency does not automatically lead to corruption without any moral weakness or insufficient integrity. Also, low penalties in combination with a low probability of being caught
will only lead to corruption if people tend to neglect ethics and moral commitment. The original Klitgaard equation has therefore been amended by C. Stephan into
Degree of corruption = Monopoly + Discretion – Transparency – Morality
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption
