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https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-08-15/doc-ihytcitm9412227.shtml
世界最重最大飞翼轰炸机或来自亚太 美B21却越造越小
世界最重最大飞翼轰炸机或来自亚太 美B21却越造越小
4
2019年将是飞翼轰炸机在全世界大放光彩的一年，除了某型飞机可能在2020年前实现首飞之外，美军的新型隐身轰炸机：B21的首架原型机也于2019年7月正式开工，预计2021年12月实现首飞。俄罗斯的新一代隐身战略轰炸机PAK-DA（即“未来远程航空兵系统”）也于今年1月完成向飞机制造厂交付全部设计图纸，并已开始制造首架原型机的零部件。由于除去美国之外的其他两个大国均是首次研制生产飞翼隐身外形的隐身远程轰炸机，因此外界普遍认为这两种轰炸机将是美国B2远程隐身轰炸机的本国翻版，特别是其他亚太国家研制的某型飞机为了满足本国的战略需要，将有可能是世界上起飞重量最大，航程最远的飞翼轰炸机。
而美国的B21却恰恰相反，将是一种中型中远程轰炸机。为什么美国不继续制造B2远程隐身轰炸机而选择了研制生产一种体积较小的隐身轰炸机呢？本文试图根据公开资料解开这一疑惑。早在美国空军最后一架B-2隐形战略轰炸机服役的前一年（即1999年），美国空军有关部门就开始了其下一代战略轰炸机的研究工作。美国空军认为，面对未来世界各国普遍装备的的S300/红旗9防空导弹系统，高亚音速的B-2有可能无法完全保证顺利突破防空网，因此迫切需要一种具备超音速巡航能力、大载弹量、以及更强隐身能力的战略轰炸机，即最初设想的“2037轰炸机“计划，将B1轰炸机的超音速性能和B-2轰炸机的高隐身性能完美结合。
由于其研制难度太大，因此将2037年作为下一代轰炸机具备初始作战能力的时间节点。然而美国空军高层认为目前战略空军装备的B-52轰炸机过于老旧，而较新的B1-B超音速轰炸机由于设计原因经常故障频发，B-52和B-1B轰炸机很可能坚持不了那么长时间，到那时区区21架B-2轰炸机根本不能满足作战需要。在踢到“铁板“之后，有关部门又提出了经过大幅修改的所谓“2018轰炸机“计划，将新一代轰炸机的服役节点提前到了2018年，不再要求拥有超音速巡航能力，而将是一种有人驾驶的亚音速轰炸机。这也是B21轰炸机的研发起点。
在数度换名之后（NGB，新一代轰炸机计划；LRS-B项目，下一代轰炸机计划），最终决定由先前生产B-2轰炸机的诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司来负责研发生产B-21轰炸机（意为进入21世纪后美国研发的首种轰炸机）。当然由于美国空军的来回反复，新一代轰炸机的服役时间有所延后，预计将于2021年完成原型机首飞。由于B-2隐形战略轰炸机昂贵的价格让人印象过于深刻，为了避免在议会争取国防预算时处于不利地位，美国空军在研发B-21之初就下达了硬指标，其飞机单价不能超过5.5亿美元，以确保能够大规模替代老旧的B-52轰炸机。从公布的性能数据推测，B-21采用了和B-2轰炸机类似的气动布局，以尽量降低研制成本和风险，但翼展缩减到38至43米。
为了在缩小飞机体积的情况下尽量增大内置弹舱容量，发动机由原来的4发改为双发布局，动力系统为2台F-135无加力涡扇发动机或PW-1000涡扇发动机的军用改型，最大有效载荷9至13吨， 最大起飞重量不超过80至90吨，不加油最大航程一般认为不超过8000公里。而B-2轰炸机的翼展达52.41米，最大起飞重量达180吨，配备了4台通用动力公司生产的F118-GE-110涡扇发动机，不加油最大航程可达11100千米。从技术指标来看，如果不考虑飞机隐身因素，B-21的载弹量和航程指标基本上和我军的轰6K中远程轰炸机性能数据大致相当。由于美国拥有众多盟国和海外军事基地，美国军方认为可在安全可靠的空域为B-21轰炸机进行多次空中加油，最大航程有所缩短完全可以忍受。
美军还认为，随着反舰弹道导弹的在其他国家的大量装备，未来美军航母将很难靠近其海岸线进行威慑和打击。而B-21轰炸机凭借其较大的装备数量，灵活的使用环境，“更近一尺”的隐身能力，并可携带美军现役所有空地战略战术武器，以及长达数小时的敌境内飞行能力，将成为美军重点发展的“杀手锏’武器，可对敌境内全境进行精确打击。同时根据2010年美俄签署的新的《削减战略武器条约》规定，航程在8000 千米（4319 海里）以下的轰炸机，无论其是否拥有核能力都不在条约限制范围之内。因此最大航程为8000公里B-21轰炸机无论建造多少都不会受该条约限制。这也意味着美国仍可保持航程在8000公里以上的重型轰炸机的数量优势而不被削弱。只要美方愿意，既可大规模生产B-21轰炸机，同时又对现役轰炸机进行延寿改装，轰炸机服役数量比现在翻倍也不违反任何国际军控条约。（作者署名：小鹰说科技）
The world's heaviest and largest flying wing bomber or from the Asia-Pacific beauty B21 is getting smaller and smaller
The world's heaviest and largest flying wing bomber or from the Asia-Pacific beauty B21 is getting smaller and smaller
4
2019 will be a year of great brilliance for the flying-wing bomber in the world. Except that a certain aircraft may achieve its first flight by 2020, the US military's new stealth bomber: the first prototype of the B21 was also in July 2019. Officially started, it is expected to achieve its first flight in December 2021. Russia’s new generation of stealth strategic bomber PAK-DA (the “Future Long-Term Aviation System”) also completed the delivery of all design drawings to the aircraft manufacturer in January this year and has begun manufacturing parts for the first prototype. Since the two major countries except the United States are the first to develop stealth long-range bombers with stealth shapes, it is widely believed that these two bombers will be the national replica of the US B2 long-range stealth bomber, especially developed by other Asia-Pacific countries. In order to meet the strategic needs of the country, a certain type of aircraft will probably be the world's largest flying wing bomber with the longest take-off and the longest range.
The US B21, on the other hand, will be a medium-sized medium- and long-range bomber. Why did the United States not continue to manufacture B2 long-range stealth bombers and chose to develop a smaller stealth bomber? This article attempts to unravel this doubt based on public information. In the year before the US Air Force's last B-2 stealth strategic bomber (1999), the US Air Force began its next-generation strategic bomber research. The US Air Force believes that in the face of the S300/Hongqi 9 air defense missile system commonly equipped in the world, the high-sonic B-2 may not fully guarantee the smooth breakthrough of the air defense network. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a supersonic cruise capability. The bomber with a higher bomb load and greater stealth capability, originally envisioned the "2037 Bomber" program, combines the supersonic performance of the B1 bomber with the high stealth performance of the B-2 bomber.
Because of its difficulty in developing, the 2037 is the time node for the next-generation bomber with initial combat capability. However, US Air Force executives believe that the current B-52 bomber of strategic air force equipment is too old, and the newer B1-B supersonic bomber often fails frequently due to design reasons. The B-52 and B-1B bombers are likely to not last so long. At that time, 21 B-2 bombers in the district could not meet the operational needs. After kicking the "iron plate", the relevant departments proposed a so-called "2018 bomber" plan that was greatly revised, and advanced the service node of the new bomber to 2018, no longer requiring supersonic cruise capability, but will be one. A manned subsonic bomber. This is also the starting point for the development of the B21 bomber.
After several renaming (NGB, the new bomber program; LRS-B project, next-generation bomber program), it was decided that Northrop Grumman, which previously produced the B-2 bomber, would be responsible for R&D and production B- 21 bomber (meaning the first bomber developed by the United States after entering the 21st century). Of course, due to the repeated flight of the US Air Force, the service life of the new bomber has been delayed, and it is expected that the first flight of the prototype will be completed in 2021. Because the B-2 stealth strategic bomber's expensive price is too impressive, in order to avoid being disadvantaged in the parliament's defense budget, the US Air Force issued a hard target at the beginning of the development of the B-21, and its aircraft unit price can not exceed 550 million US dollars. To ensure that the old B-52 bomber can be replaced on a large scale. Based on published performance data, the B-21 uses a pneumatic layout similar to the B-2 bomber to minimize development costs and risks, but the wingspan is reduced to 38 to 43 meters.
In order to maximize the built-in bomb bay capacity while reducing the size of the aircraft, the engine was changed from the original 4 to the double release, and the power system was 2 F-135 non-energized turbofan engines or PW-1000 turbofan engines. For military remodeling, the maximum payload is 9 to 13 tons, and the maximum takeoff weight is no more than 80 to 90 tons. The maximum range without refueling is generally considered to be no more than 8,000 kilometers. The B-2 bomber has a wingspan of 52.41 meters and a maximum takeoff weight of 180 tons. It is equipped with four F118-GE-110 turbofan engines produced by General Dynamics. The maximum range of unfueled flights is 11,100 kilometers. From the technical indicators, if the aircraft stealth factor is not considered, the B-21's bomb load and range indicators are roughly equivalent to our military's 6K long-range bomber performance data. Because the United States has many allies and overseas military bases, the US military believes that the B-21 bombers can be refueled in the safe and reliable airspace, and the maximum range can be tolerated.
The US military also believes that with the large amount of anti-ship ballistic missiles in other countries, the US military aircraft carrier will have difficulty in deterring and striking its coastline. The B-21 bomber, with its large equipment capacity, flexible use environment, "more than a foot" stealth capability, and can carry all the open space strategic and tactical weapons of the US military, as well as the ability to fly within a few hours of enemy territory. It will become the "killer" weapon of the US military's key development, and it can accurately strike the entire territory of the enemy. At the same time, according to the new "Strategies for Strategic Arms Reduction" signed by the United States and Russia in 2010, the voyage is below 8000 kilometers (4319 nautical miles). Bombers, whether or not they possess nuclear capabilities, are not covered by the treaty. Therefore, the maximum range of 8,000 km B-21 bombers will not be subject to the treaty regardless of the number of constructions. This also means that the United States can still maintain a range of more than 8,000 km. The number of heavy bombers is not weakened. As long as the US is willing, it can produce B-21 bombers on a large scale, and at the same time carry out life extensions on existing bombers. The number of bombers serving is doubled than it is now and does not violate any international arms control treaty. (Author's signature: Xiaoying said technology)
世界最重最大飞翼轰炸机或来自亚太 美B21却越造越小
世界最重最大飞翼轰炸机或来自亚太 美B21却越造越小
4
2019年将是飞翼轰炸机在全世界大放光彩的一年，除了某型飞机可能在2020年前实现首飞之外，美军的新型隐身轰炸机：B21的首架原型机也于2019年7月正式开工，预计2021年12月实现首飞。俄罗斯的新一代隐身战略轰炸机PAK-DA（即“未来远程航空兵系统”）也于今年1月完成向飞机制造厂交付全部设计图纸，并已开始制造首架原型机的零部件。由于除去美国之外的其他两个大国均是首次研制生产飞翼隐身外形的隐身远程轰炸机，因此外界普遍认为这两种轰炸机将是美国B2远程隐身轰炸机的本国翻版，特别是其他亚太国家研制的某型飞机为了满足本国的战略需要，将有可能是世界上起飞重量最大，航程最远的飞翼轰炸机。
而美国的B21却恰恰相反，将是一种中型中远程轰炸机。为什么美国不继续制造B2远程隐身轰炸机而选择了研制生产一种体积较小的隐身轰炸机呢？本文试图根据公开资料解开这一疑惑。早在美国空军最后一架B-2隐形战略轰炸机服役的前一年（即1999年），美国空军有关部门就开始了其下一代战略轰炸机的研究工作。美国空军认为，面对未来世界各国普遍装备的的S300/红旗9防空导弹系统，高亚音速的B-2有可能无法完全保证顺利突破防空网，因此迫切需要一种具备超音速巡航能力、大载弹量、以及更强隐身能力的战略轰炸机，即最初设想的“2037轰炸机“计划，将B1轰炸机的超音速性能和B-2轰炸机的高隐身性能完美结合。
由于其研制难度太大，因此将2037年作为下一代轰炸机具备初始作战能力的时间节点。然而美国空军高层认为目前战略空军装备的B-52轰炸机过于老旧，而较新的B1-B超音速轰炸机由于设计原因经常故障频发，B-52和B-1B轰炸机很可能坚持不了那么长时间，到那时区区21架B-2轰炸机根本不能满足作战需要。在踢到“铁板“之后，有关部门又提出了经过大幅修改的所谓“2018轰炸机“计划，将新一代轰炸机的服役节点提前到了2018年，不再要求拥有超音速巡航能力，而将是一种有人驾驶的亚音速轰炸机。这也是B21轰炸机的研发起点。
在数度换名之后（NGB，新一代轰炸机计划；LRS-B项目，下一代轰炸机计划），最终决定由先前生产B-2轰炸机的诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司来负责研发生产B-21轰炸机（意为进入21世纪后美国研发的首种轰炸机）。当然由于美国空军的来回反复，新一代轰炸机的服役时间有所延后，预计将于2021年完成原型机首飞。由于B-2隐形战略轰炸机昂贵的价格让人印象过于深刻，为了避免在议会争取国防预算时处于不利地位，美国空军在研发B-21之初就下达了硬指标，其飞机单价不能超过5.5亿美元，以确保能够大规模替代老旧的B-52轰炸机。从公布的性能数据推测，B-21采用了和B-2轰炸机类似的气动布局，以尽量降低研制成本和风险，但翼展缩减到38至43米。
为了在缩小飞机体积的情况下尽量增大内置弹舱容量，发动机由原来的4发改为双发布局，动力系统为2台F-135无加力涡扇发动机或PW-1000涡扇发动机的军用改型，最大有效载荷9至13吨， 最大起飞重量不超过80至90吨，不加油最大航程一般认为不超过8000公里。而B-2轰炸机的翼展达52.41米，最大起飞重量达180吨，配备了4台通用动力公司生产的F118-GE-110涡扇发动机，不加油最大航程可达11100千米。从技术指标来看，如果不考虑飞机隐身因素，B-21的载弹量和航程指标基本上和我军的轰6K中远程轰炸机性能数据大致相当。由于美国拥有众多盟国和海外军事基地，美国军方认为可在安全可靠的空域为B-21轰炸机进行多次空中加油，最大航程有所缩短完全可以忍受。
美军还认为，随着反舰弹道导弹的在其他国家的大量装备，未来美军航母将很难靠近其海岸线进行威慑和打击。而B-21轰炸机凭借其较大的装备数量，灵活的使用环境，“更近一尺”的隐身能力，并可携带美军现役所有空地战略战术武器，以及长达数小时的敌境内飞行能力，将成为美军重点发展的“杀手锏’武器，可对敌境内全境进行精确打击。同时根据2010年美俄签署的新的《削减战略武器条约》规定，航程在8000 千米（4319 海里）以下的轰炸机，无论其是否拥有核能力都不在条约限制范围之内。因此最大航程为8000公里B-21轰炸机无论建造多少都不会受该条约限制。这也意味着美国仍可保持航程在8000公里以上的重型轰炸机的数量优势而不被削弱。只要美方愿意，既可大规模生产B-21轰炸机，同时又对现役轰炸机进行延寿改装，轰炸机服役数量比现在翻倍也不违反任何国际军控条约。（作者署名：小鹰说科技）
The world's heaviest and largest flying wing bomber or from the Asia-Pacific beauty B21 is getting smaller and smaller
The world's heaviest and largest flying wing bomber or from the Asia-Pacific beauty B21 is getting smaller and smaller
4
2019 will be a year of great brilliance for the flying-wing bomber in the world. Except that a certain aircraft may achieve its first flight by 2020, the US military's new stealth bomber: the first prototype of the B21 was also in July 2019. Officially started, it is expected to achieve its first flight in December 2021. Russia’s new generation of stealth strategic bomber PAK-DA (the “Future Long-Term Aviation System”) also completed the delivery of all design drawings to the aircraft manufacturer in January this year and has begun manufacturing parts for the first prototype. Since the two major countries except the United States are the first to develop stealth long-range bombers with stealth shapes, it is widely believed that these two bombers will be the national replica of the US B2 long-range stealth bomber, especially developed by other Asia-Pacific countries. In order to meet the strategic needs of the country, a certain type of aircraft will probably be the world's largest flying wing bomber with the longest take-off and the longest range.
The US B21, on the other hand, will be a medium-sized medium- and long-range bomber. Why did the United States not continue to manufacture B2 long-range stealth bombers and chose to develop a smaller stealth bomber? This article attempts to unravel this doubt based on public information. In the year before the US Air Force's last B-2 stealth strategic bomber (1999), the US Air Force began its next-generation strategic bomber research. The US Air Force believes that in the face of the S300/Hongqi 9 air defense missile system commonly equipped in the world, the high-sonic B-2 may not fully guarantee the smooth breakthrough of the air defense network. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a supersonic cruise capability. The bomber with a higher bomb load and greater stealth capability, originally envisioned the "2037 Bomber" program, combines the supersonic performance of the B1 bomber with the high stealth performance of the B-2 bomber.
Because of its difficulty in developing, the 2037 is the time node for the next-generation bomber with initial combat capability. However, US Air Force executives believe that the current B-52 bomber of strategic air force equipment is too old, and the newer B1-B supersonic bomber often fails frequently due to design reasons. The B-52 and B-1B bombers are likely to not last so long. At that time, 21 B-2 bombers in the district could not meet the operational needs. After kicking the "iron plate", the relevant departments proposed a so-called "2018 bomber" plan that was greatly revised, and advanced the service node of the new bomber to 2018, no longer requiring supersonic cruise capability, but will be one. A manned subsonic bomber. This is also the starting point for the development of the B21 bomber.
After several renaming (NGB, the new bomber program; LRS-B project, next-generation bomber program), it was decided that Northrop Grumman, which previously produced the B-2 bomber, would be responsible for R&D and production B- 21 bomber (meaning the first bomber developed by the United States after entering the 21st century). Of course, due to the repeated flight of the US Air Force, the service life of the new bomber has been delayed, and it is expected that the first flight of the prototype will be completed in 2021. Because the B-2 stealth strategic bomber's expensive price is too impressive, in order to avoid being disadvantaged in the parliament's defense budget, the US Air Force issued a hard target at the beginning of the development of the B-21, and its aircraft unit price can not exceed 550 million US dollars. To ensure that the old B-52 bomber can be replaced on a large scale. Based on published performance data, the B-21 uses a pneumatic layout similar to the B-2 bomber to minimize development costs and risks, but the wingspan is reduced to 38 to 43 meters.
In order to maximize the built-in bomb bay capacity while reducing the size of the aircraft, the engine was changed from the original 4 to the double release, and the power system was 2 F-135 non-energized turbofan engines or PW-1000 turbofan engines. For military remodeling, the maximum payload is 9 to 13 tons, and the maximum takeoff weight is no more than 80 to 90 tons. The maximum range without refueling is generally considered to be no more than 8,000 kilometers. The B-2 bomber has a wingspan of 52.41 meters and a maximum takeoff weight of 180 tons. It is equipped with four F118-GE-110 turbofan engines produced by General Dynamics. The maximum range of unfueled flights is 11,100 kilometers. From the technical indicators, if the aircraft stealth factor is not considered, the B-21's bomb load and range indicators are roughly equivalent to our military's 6K long-range bomber performance data. Because the United States has many allies and overseas military bases, the US military believes that the B-21 bombers can be refueled in the safe and reliable airspace, and the maximum range can be tolerated.
The US military also believes that with the large amount of anti-ship ballistic missiles in other countries, the US military aircraft carrier will have difficulty in deterring and striking its coastline. The B-21 bomber, with its large equipment capacity, flexible use environment, "more than a foot" stealth capability, and can carry all the open space strategic and tactical weapons of the US military, as well as the ability to fly within a few hours of enemy territory. It will become the "killer" weapon of the US military's key development, and it can accurately strike the entire territory of the enemy. At the same time, according to the new "Strategies for Strategic Arms Reduction" signed by the United States and Russia in 2010, the voyage is below 8000 kilometers (4319 nautical miles). Bombers, whether or not they possess nuclear capabilities, are not covered by the treaty. Therefore, the maximum range of 8,000 km B-21 bombers will not be subject to the treaty regardless of the number of constructions. This also means that the United States can still maintain a range of more than 8,000 km. The number of heavy bombers is not weakened. As long as the US is willing, it can produce B-21 bombers on a large scale, and at the same time carry out life extensions on existing bombers. The number of bombers serving is doubled than it is now and does not violate any international arms control treaty. (Author's signature: Xiaoying said technology)
