Darwin Theory of Evolution has been proven scientifically

[Toronto]

Re: Please Do Explain The Two Isomers Select By Themselves ?

1. Most mutations are neutral. Nachman and Crowell estimate around 3 deleterious mutations out of 175 per generation in humans (2000). Of those that have significant effect, most are harmful, but the fraction which are beneficial is higher than usually though. An experiment with E. coli found that about 1 in 150 newly arising mutations and 1 in 10 functional mutations are beneficial (Perfeito et al. 2007).
   
   The harmful mutations do not survive long, and the beneficial mutations survive much longer, so when you consider only surviving mutations, most are beneficial.
2. Beneficial mutations are commonly observed. They are common enough to be problems in the cases of antibiotic resistance in disease-causing organisms and pesticide resistance in agricultural pests (e.g., Newcomb et al. 1997; these are not merely selection of pre-existing variation.) They can be repeatedly observed in laboratory populations (Wichman et al. 1999). Other examples include the following:
   • Mutations have given bacteria the ability to degrade nylon (Prijambada et al. 1995).
   • Plant breeders have used mutation breeding to induce mutations and select the beneficial ones (FAO/IAEA 1977).
   • Certain mutations in humans confer resistance to AIDS (Dean et al. 1996; Sullivan et al. 2001) or to heart disease (Long 1994; Weisgraber et al. 1983).
   • A mutation in humans makes bones strong (Boyden et al. 2002).
   • Transposons are common, especially in plants, and help to provide beneficial diversity (Moffat 2000).
   • In vitro mutation and selection can be used to evolve substantially improved function of RNA molecules, such as a ribozyme (Wright and Joyce 1997).
3. Whether a mutation is beneficial or not depends on environment. A mutation that helps the organism in one circumstance could harm it in another. When the environment changes, variations that once were counteradaptive suddenly become favored. Since environments are constantly changing, variation helps populations survive, even if some of those variations do not do as well as others. When beneficial mutations occur in a changed environment, they generally sweep through the population rapidly (Elena et al. 1996).
4. High mutation rates are advantageous in some environments. Hypermutable strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are found more commonly in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, where antibiotics and other stresses increase selection pressure and variability, than in patients without cystic fibrosis (Oliver et al. 2000).
5. Note that the existence of any beneficial mutations is a falsification of the young-earth creationism model (Morris 1985, 13).

 

[Toronto]

Re: Please Do Explain The Two Isomers Select By Themselves ?

1. Variation of traits is production of novelty, especially where there was no variation before. The accumulation of slight modifications is a basis of evolution.
2. Documentation of mutations producing new features includes the following:
   • the ability of a bacterium to digest nylon (Negoro et al. 1994; Thomas n.d.; Thwaites 1985);
   • adaptation in yeast to a low-phosphate environment (Francis and Hansche 1972; 1973; Hansche 1975);
   • the ability of E. coli to hydrolyze galactosylarabinose (Hall 1981; Hall and Zuzel 1980);
   • evolution of multicellularity in a unicellular green alga (Boraas 1983; Boraas et al. 1998);
   • modification of E. coli's fucose pathway to metabolize propanediol (Lin and Wu 1984);
   • evolution in Klebsiella bacteria of a new metabolic pathway for metabolizing 5-carbon sugars (Hartley 1984);
   
   There is evidence for mutations producing other novel proteins:
   • Proteins in the histidine biosynthesis pathway consist of beta/alpha barrels with a twofold repeat pattern. These apparently evolved from the duplication and fusion of genes from a half-barrel ancestor (Lang et al. 2000).
   
   Laboratory experiments with directed evolution indicate that the evolution of a new function often begins with mutations that have little effect on a gene's original function but a large effect on a second function. Gene duplication and divergence can then allow the new function to be refined. (Aharoni et al. 2004)
   
   
3. For evolution to operate, the source of variation does not matter; all that matters is that heritable variation occurs. Such variation is shown by the fact that selective breeding has produced novel features in many species, including cats, dogs, pigeons, goldfish, cabbage, and geraniums. Some of the features may have been preexisting in the population originally, but not all of them were, especially considering the creationists' view that the animals originated from a single pair.

 

[Toronto]

Re: Please Do Explain The Two Isomers Select By Themselves ?

1. Anything mutations can do, mutations can undo. Some mutations add information to a genome; some subtract it. Creationists get by with this claim only by leaving the term "information" undefined, impossibly vague, or constantly shifting. By any reasonable definition, increases in information have been observed to evolve. We have observed the evolution of
   • increased genetic variety in a population (Lenski 1995; Lenski et al. 1991)
   • increased genetic material (Alves et al. 2001; Brown et al. 1998; Hughes and Friedman 2003; Lynch and Conery 2000; Ohta 2003)
   • novel genetic material (Knox et al. 1996; Park et al. 1996)
   • novel genetically-regulated abilities (Prijambada et al. 1995)
   
   If these do not qualify as information, then nothing about information is relevant to evolution in the first place.
   
2. A mechanism that is likely to be particularly common for adding information is gene duplication, in which a long stretch of DNA is copied, followed by point mutations that change one or both of the copies. Genetic sequencing has revealed several instances in which this is likely the origin of some proteins. For example:
   • Two enzymes in the histidine biosynthesis pathway that are barrel-shaped, structural and sequence evidence suggests, were formed via gene duplication and fusion of two half-barrel ancestors (Lang et al. 2000).
   • RNASE1, a gene for a pancreatic enzyme, was duplicated, and in langur monkeys one of the copies mutated into RNASE1B, which works better in the more acidic small intestine of the langur. (Zhang et al. 2002)
   • Yeast was put in a medium with very little sugar. After 450 generations, hexose transport genes had duplicated several times, and some of the duplicated versions had mutated further. (Brown et al. 1998)
   The biological literature is full of additional examples. A PubMed search (at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi) on "gene duplication" gives more than 3000 references.
   
3. According to Shannon-Weaver information theory, random noise maximizes information. This is not just playing word games. The random variation that mutations add to populations is the variation on which selection acts. Mutation alone will not cause adaptive evolution, but by eliminating nonadaptive variation, natural selection communicates information about the environment to the organism so that the organism becomes better adapted to it. Natural selection is the process by which information about the environment is transferred to an organism's genome and thus to the organism (Adami et al. 2000).
4. The process of mutation and selection is observed to increase information and complexity in simulations (Adami et al. 2000; Schneider 2000).

 

[Sinkie]

Re: Please Do Explain The Two Isomers Select By Themselves ?

You guys think that it's all about Creationist vs Evolutionist.

Like saying, if Evolution is flawed, then Creation is true.

The truth is more complex than that.

Why keep harping on re-cycled info on the internet?

 

[nirvarq]

Re: Please Do Explain The Two Isomers Select By Themselves ?

My whole life i've been plague by only 1 question

How or why does the first thing appeared outta nothing at all. B4 the big bang b4 GOD before vast space. Do you know that space is not nothing or empty. You cannot measure the space between 2 planets if it's empty space because if it is really empty it would collapse it would not exist and no space should exist.

It is true that its not about evolution vs creation only, its not that simple.

If we cannot or do not know why or how does the 1st "thing" appeared outta nothing at all then all our answers and knowledge is just partial only.

 

[nirvarq]

Re: Please Do Explain The Two Isomers Select By Themselves ?

[video=vimeo;45684779]http://vimeo.com/45684779[/video]

 

[duluxe]

Don't fall into the trap that because you don't know or understand that it must be God-did-it. There's a lot science doesn't tell us, but there's also a lot that science does indeed tell us; and what science tells us thus far shows no evidence of a creator. Instead it shows a vast universe billions of years old. Is that to say that someday a creator is not found? Certainly not, but it's seeming highly unlikely; even more for an Abrahamic-like creator. period.

 

[drifteri]

Re: Please Do Explain The Two Isomers Select By Themselves ?

You guys think that it's all about Creationist vs Evolutionist.

Like saying, if Evolution is flawed, then Creation is true.

The truth is more complex than that.

Why keep harping on re-cycled info on the internet?

bro sinkie,
why think so complex?
The truth is very simple. Ask yourself this question : Why millions sperms discharged during sex when the creationists claim intelligent design is involved? Brother, think simple

 

[drifteri]

Re: Please Do Explain The Two Isomers Select By Themselves ?

bro sinkie,
An UNeducated fart here can beat a prophet in evolution debate. What is that to educated people?

 

[Psalm23]

Re: Please Do Explain The Two Isomers Select By Themselves ?

1. Most mutations are neutral......The harmful mutations do not survive long, and the beneficial mutations survive much longer, so when you consider only.....surviving mutations, most are beneficial......Beneficial mutations are commonly observed...

1. 
   
   Dear Torontotitis,
   
   You have just written bunch of nonsensical article I must say. Nonetheless, let me summarised what all these so-called research on mutation (that, according to evolutionists) is the primary driver for evolution:
   
   Mutation will not cause anything changes from one kind to another. For example, fruitflies that were subject to radiation and other chemical contamination in laboratories simply confirmed that fruitfulies remained as fruitflies. They counld not become a crocodile. (By way of addition note: It was celebrated by some evolutionists that they saw these fruitflies which were subject to radiation gave birth to baby fruitflies with two pairs of wings (note: normal heathly fruitflies have only 1 pair of wings. Later it was discovered that the additional 1 pair was a deformed on. These additional one-pair of wings did not have any muscles attached to it. As a result, the additional pair of wings became a liability to that fruitfly which simply could'nt even fly. It's like an helicopter attached with additional dummy set of non-functioning rotation blades!. As a matter of fact, none of the new so-called species of the fruitflies that were produced by their parents which were exposed to radiation, etc. could survivein the wild. They CAN ONLY survive in the laboratory! What they have created were a bunch of deformed or disabled fruitflies!)
   
   In today's Straits Times, is an article, titled: TB drug resistance a fast-growing problem, researchers warn (See below for the details, and this is the second such article in less than 10 days!).
   
   Quite the opposite, non-beneficial (or rather harmful) mutations are going to last much longer, and some even looked like forever. The greatest threat to the survival of humanity is not pollution, earthquakes, volcano eruptions, nor tsunami (although they are also very big threats but it is the tread of harmful mutatants of bacteria, germs and viruses that is going to pose the biggest health and medical challenges to the science community. New species (or rather mutants) have become drug-resistant are occuring every day. The question is how fast they travel to infect other people. Besides TB, there are many drug-resistant bacteria and viruses (and it is a very sad news that many of these are related to STD like AIDS, etc).
   
   Another factor is that drug companies have somehow given up in their research for antibiotics. The reason though commericially justifiable but is a something we wouldn't like to see it happening. Drug companies knew that new drugs to combat new bacteria or viruses are going to become useless in very short period and so why spend hundred of million of dollars on the research to find themselves not being able to recoup the investment. They would rather spend on researching into drugs treating diseases not related to bacterial or viral infection such as cancer, heart, high-blood, etc because these drugs will last much longer (or even forever)..
   
   With great respect to readers, but I still want to mention that after reading the article below and you still think that mutation is THE key driver to evolution (changing from one 'simple' cell and slow but surely into much more complex cell and collectively these complex cells will form people like you), then I must say there is really something wrong in you (apologies!) Mutation can never never be beneficial; not even neutral. Our body cells go into thousands and thousands of mutations but somehow there is a self-repairing mechanism that correct these mutations (which are always always bad). Sadly, some of these mutations were not corrected but the good news is that those mutants that are passed to our kids or grandchildren that did some harm to our kids or grandchildren are too small to cause any concern - for example one of kids might have just one finger shorter by say 0.01mm, etc. The bad news is that a small perecentages that caused some visible and major medical and health issues are passed to our kids or grandchildren. Think about this. Have you read an article from any science community and the article read like this: Mutation of xxx cell has caused some children to have superb eyesight; or Mutation of yyy cell has caused children to have superb sense of hearing. Absolutely none! Just wonder this fact: There are thousands and thousands of mutations but we don't even heard of one such cases. On the other hand, on the average 2%-3% of children born have some kinds of physical and health problems and these are almost all due to cell mutations!
   
   
   
   TB drug resistance a fast-growing problem, researchers warn
   The Straits Times March 25, 2013​
   
   PARIS (AFP) - Researchers on Thursday sounded the alarm over drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), calling it a curse that was swiftly becoming more difficult and costly to treat.
   
   In eight countries they studied, 43.7 per cent of TB patients did not respond to at least one second-line TB drug, a strategy used when the most powerful first-line drugs fail.
   
   The probe, covering Estonia, Latvia, Peru, the Philippines, Russia, South Africa, South Korea and Thailand, is reported in The Lancet medical journal.
   
   “Most international recommendations for TB control have been developed for MDR (multidrug-resistant) TB prevalence of up to around 5 per cent. Yet now we face prevalence up to 10 times higher in some places,” Dr Sven Hoffner of the Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control wrote in a comment carried by The Lancet.
   
   The study also found a 6.7 per cent rate for an even more worrying form of resistance called XDR – for extensively drug-resistant - TB. It means a patient who does not respond to any two second-line drugs.
   
   An airborne disease of the lungs, tuberculosis is usually treatable with a six-month course of antibiotics.
   
   But if patients do not take their medicines as prescribed, the bacteria that causes TB can develop resistance to the drugs. In rare cases, people can also be infected with already resistant strains.
   
   MDR TB in the United States (US) can cost as much as US$250,000 (S$313,000) per patient to treat.
   
   XDR TB requires about two years of treatment with even more expensive drugs that often cause side-effects and offer no guarantee of a cure.
   
   According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), 8.8 million people fell ill with TB in 2010 and 1.4 million died. Co-infection with the disease causes about a quarter of all deaths among people with HIV.
   
   “So far, XDR TB has been reported in 77 countries worldwide, but exact prevalence remains unclear,” study author Tracy Dalton of the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said.
   
   XDR TB prevalence in the countries measured ranged from 0.8 per cent in the Philippines to 11.3 per cent in Russia and 15.2 per cent in South Korea.
   
   Further research is needed “since the true scale of the burden of MDR and XDR tuberculosis might be underestimated and seems to be rapidly increasing,” said Dr Hoffner.

 

[fishbuff]

Re: Please Do Explain The Two Isomers Select By Themselves ?

you rely on the bible for treatment of diseases and infection???!! just look at Leviticus 14:2-52
what kind of LAN TUI will believe this sort of crap in modern era?? leave it to the priest to treat the diseases?!

2 “These are the regulations for any diseased person at the time of their ceremonial cleansing, when they are brought to the priest: 3 The priest is to go outside the camp and examine them. If they have been healed of their defiling skin disease,[a] 4 the priest shall order that two live clean birds and some cedar wood, scarlet yarn and hyssop be brought for the person to be cleansed. 5 Then the priest shall order that one of the birds be killed over fresh water in a clay pot. 6 He is then to take the live bird and dip it, together with the cedar wood, the scarlet yarn and the hyssop, into the blood of the bird that was killed over the fresh water. 7 Seven times he shall sprinkle the one to be cleansed of the defiling disease, and then pronounce them clean. After that, he is to release the live bird in the open fields.

8 “The person to be cleansed must wash their clothes, shave off all their hair and bathe with water; then they will be ceremonially clean. After this they may come into the camp, but they must stay outside their tent for seven days. 9 On the seventh day they must shave off all their hair; they must shave their head, their beard, their eyebrows and the rest of their hair. They must wash their clothes and bathe themselves with water, and they will be clean.

10 “On the eighth day they must bring two male lambs and one ewe lamb a year old, each without defect, along with three-tenths of an ephah of the finest flour mixed with olive oil for a grain offering, and one log[c] of oil. 11 The priest who pronounces them clean shall present both the one to be cleansed and their offerings before the Lord at the entrance to the tent of meeting.

12 “Then the priest is to take one of the male lambs and offer it as a guilt offering, along with the log of oil; he shall wave them before the Lord as a wave offering. 13 He is to slaughter the lamb in the sanctuary area where the sin offering[d] and the burnt offering are slaughtered. Like the sin offering, the guilt offering belongs to the priest; it is most holy. 14 The priest is to take some of the blood of the guilt offering and put it on the lobe of the right ear of the one to be cleansed, on the thumb of their right hand and on the big toe of their right foot. 15 The priest shall then take some of the log of oil, pour it in the palm of his own left hand, 16 dip his right forefinger into the oil in his palm, and with his finger sprinkle some of it before the Lord seven times. 17 The priest is to put some of the oil remaining in his palm on the lobe of the right ear of the one to be cleansed, on the thumb of their right hand and on the big toe of their right foot, on top of the blood of the guilt offering. 18 The rest of the oil in his palm the priest shall put on the head of the one to be cleansed and make atonement for them before the Lord.

19 “Then the priest is to sacrifice the sin offering and make atonement for the one to be cleansed from their uncleanness. After that, the priest shall slaughter the burnt offering 20 and offer it on the altar, together with the grain offering, and make atonement for them, and they will be clean.

21 “If, however, they are poor and cannot afford these, they must take one male lamb as a guilt offering to be waved to make atonement for them, together with a tenth of an ephah[e] of the finest flour mixed with olive oil for a grain offering, a log of oil, 22 and two doves or two young pigeons, such as they can afford, one for a sin offering and the other for a burnt offering.

23 “On the eighth day they must bring them for their cleansing to the priest at the entrance to the tent of meeting, before the Lord. 24 The priest is to take the lamb for the guilt offering, together with the log of oil, and wave them before the Lord as a wave offering. 25 He shall slaughter the lamb for the guilt offering and take some of its blood and put it on the lobe of the right ear of the one to be cleansed, on the thumb of their right hand and on the big toe of their right foot. 26 The priest is to pour some of the oil into the palm of his own left hand, 27 and with his right forefinger sprinkle some of the oil from his palm seven times before the Lord. 28 Some of the oil in his palm he is to put on the same places he put the blood of the guilt offering—on the lobe of the right ear of the one to be cleansed, on the thumb of their right hand and on the big toe of their right foot. 29 The rest of the oil in his palm the priest shall put on the head of the one to be cleansed, to make atonement for them before the Lord. 30 Then he shall sacrifice the doves or the young pigeons, such as the person can afford, 31 one as a sin offering and the other as a burnt offering, together with the grain offering. In this way the priest will make atonement before the Lord on behalf of the one to be cleansed.”

32 These are the regulations for anyone who has a defiling skin disease and who cannot afford the regular offerings for their cleansing.
Cleansing From Defiling Molds

33 The Lord said to Moses and Aaron, 34 “When you enter the land of Canaan, which I am giving you as your possession, and I put a spreading mold in a house in that land, 35 the owner of the house must go and tell the priest, ‘I have seen something that looks like a defiling mold in my house.’ 36 The priest is to order the house to be emptied before he goes in to examine the mold, so that nothing in the house will be pronounced unclean. After this the priest is to go in and inspect the house. 37 He is to examine the mold on the walls, and if it has greenish or reddish depressions that appear to be deeper than the surface of the wall, 38 the priest shall go out the doorway of the house and close it up for seven days. 39 On the seventh day the priest shall return to inspect the house. If the mold has spread on the walls, 40 he is to order that the contaminated stones be torn out and thrown into an unclean place outside the town. 41 He must have all the inside walls of the house scraped and the material that is scraped off dumped into an unclean place outside the town. 42 Then they are to take other stones to replace these and take new clay and plaster the house.

43 “If the defiling mold reappears in the house after the stones have been torn out and the house scraped and plastered, 44 the priest is to go and examine it and, if the mold has spread in the house, it is a persistent defiling mold; the house is unclean. 45 It must be torn down—its stones, timbers and all the plaster—and taken out of the town to an unclean place.

46 “Anyone who goes into the house while it is closed up will be unclean till evening. 47 Anyone who sleeps or eats in the house must wash their clothes.

48 “But if the priest comes to examine it and the mold has not spread after the house has been plastered, he shall pronounce the house clean, because the defiling mold is gone. 49 To purify the house he is to take two birds and some cedar wood, scarlet yarn and hyssop. 50 He shall kill one of the birds over fresh water in a clay pot. 51 Then he is to take the cedar wood, the hyssop, the scarlet yarn and the live bird, dip them into the blood of the dead bird and the fresh water, and sprinkle the house seven times. 52 He shall purify the house with the bird’s blood, the fresh water, the live bird, the cedar wood, the hyssop and the scarlet yarn.

 

[fishbuff]

Re: Please Do Explain The Two Isomers Select By Themselves ?

Dear Torontotitis,

You have just written bunch of nonsensical article I must say. Nonetheless, let me summarised what all these so-called research on mutation (that, according to evolutionists) is the primary driver for evolution:
.

chinese psalm23.... you have forsaken the gods of your ancestors and embrace angmoh gods.
your ancestors worshipped the chinese gods for more than 5000 years and now in this generation, you decide to "switch god"?

is the angmoh god more powerful than your ancestor's chinese god?

 

[fishbuff]

religious believers want to debunk evolution even it has been rigorously tested and researched among top universities and scientists.

but they have NO PROBLEM in believing supernatural being creating man from dust, talking donkey, walking on water, turning water to wine, global flood, sun stood still, support god's sanctioned genocide, murder and kill spree????

 

[kongsimi]

chinese emperors believed in God too.

that is why they have special prayer places like tian tan to worship God.

doctors are not able to cure every dieseases and many died even with the most scientific methods and equipment and medication.

and there is no problem with that while prayer doesn't yield cure, you are so upset over it?

 

[kongsimi]

religious believers want to debunk evolution even it has been rigorously tested and researched among top universities and scientists.

but they have NO PROBLEM in believing supernatural being creating man from dust, talking donkey, walking on water, turning water to wine, global flood, sun stood still, support god's sanctioned genocide, murder and kill spree????

what rigulous tests? in a small island called galapogos island?

 

[vamjok]

Re: Please Do Explain The Two Isomers Select By Themselves ?

Have you read an article from any science community and the article read like this: Mutation of xxx cell has caused some children to have superb eyesight; or Mutation of yyy cell has caused children to have superb sense of hearing

stop pretending as if you went to medical school please. there are tons of case studies proving otherwise. a good case study emergence of

"black plague resistance gene"

which is currently responsible for resistance to HIV as well.

In fact if we were to travel back to the past and get in contact with people of the past, most likely through direct connection with us. a plague will be spread throughout killing many of that period. A perfect illustration of this is when we get in contact with africa tribe whose genetic coding are much preserved and closer to the ancient, less diverse with respect to the outside world. most in the tribe will died due to disease. we human evolve genetically generation after generations. only idiots uneducated fuck like you think otherwise. why am i typing all these when i believe stupid fuck like you that never pass O level will not be able to comprehend anyway.

2 words as usual. kam lan.

u can expect things like current forward/reverse chemical genetic techniques to magically change a fruitflies to human very much shows your stupidity. zero common sense.

confirm O level also never pass

 

[vamjok]

what rigulous tests? in a small island called galapogos island?

how about you study hard enough enter university to find out for yourself?

 

[kongsimi]

how about you study hard enough enter university to find out for yourself?

i already have a postgrad in science.

 

[vamjok]

i already have a postgrad in science.

yah right, postgrad in science ask this kind of lan jiao obvious question

 

[drifteri]

chinese emperors believed in God too.

that is why they have special prayer places like tian tan to worship God.

doctors are not able to cure every dieseases and many died even with the most scientific methods and equipment and medication.

and there is no problem with that while prayer doesn't yield cure, you are so upset over it?

kongsimi lan jiao wei!

Why you select angmo God instead of the chinese God? Allah is even more closer to your angmo God, why you cursed Allah? Kong lan jiao wei

Who created diseases? Why are you so stupid? Can your prayer cure conqueror? He is vomiting blood for a few days alreadi. Another religion nut talking nonsense again.