http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2018-04-05/doc-ifysuuya7527306.shtml
土耳其军队作战表现总结：土军抓捕平民来表扬战功
土耳其军队作战表现总结：土军抓捕平民来表扬战功
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2017年1月20日，土耳其于叙利亚阿芙琳地区发起了“橄榄枝”行动，向占据此地的库尔德武装发动了进攻。至本文完成的3月30日，土耳其已基本控制了阿芙琳地区；而库尔德武装，向东部的阿勒颇周边区域撤退，被包围在林地和山地地区的少量游击队也几乎被消灭。
然而土耳其总统埃尔多安旋即宣布将继续进攻“恐怖分子”，土军意图乘胜追击，染指叙利亚东北部地区，而法国总统马克龙则宣布将出兵叙利亚北部地区，“阻止土耳其军队的侵略”。土军与库尔德武装的战斗不但没有就此结束，反而又更加扩大，甚至还出现了新的参与方。其对地区局势的影响也尚难定论
不过，现在已经可以对“橄榄枝行动”做一总结：土军的行动究竟表现出了什么样的水平，其得失又如何呢？
参与行动的土耳其轻型装甲车，虽然火力并不强大，但足以轻易碾压库尔德武装的皮卡
“苏丹”的野心
此次行动从战略层面来讲目标可以说是非常明确的——趁叙政府因内战无暇顾及之时，以库尔德问题为借口，夺取阿勒颇省西北部的阿芙琳地区，继而控制整个叙利亚西北部地区。
土耳其军方这次没有重蹈之前的覆辙，时机选的恰到好处，战役发起时，叙利亚政府军的主力正在东古塔地区发动“大马士革钢”战役，其预备队也主要集中在大马士革，无暇北顾。而俄美之间的对立又恰好为土军的行动提供了空间与基础，俄方为了继续扩大在叙利问题的上的立场优势选择和土耳其摒弃前嫌，而美方急于修复因库尔德问题造成的美土裂痕。
土耳其系叛军自行改造的122mm自行火箭炮，在西部山岳作战中该炮起到了相当重要的作用
在不久之前伊德利普省内讧之时，土军刚刚给亲土的“自由军”（下文简称为土系叛军）提供了大量武装、通讯器械和训练援助，这些在阿芙琳南线和西线的武装分子给了库方很大的压力，而土系叛军和土正规军行动前已经在土叙边境巡逻已久，充分熟悉了边境地形以及库方部署，几个月内，土军囤积了大量的弹药物资，为发动突袭战争做好了的准备。
土鸡系叛军武装的武装皮卡，该车采用了不少制式装甲车的零件作为加强
虽然在战略层面上土军思路清晰目标明确，但是在战役之初土军战术层面上却中规中矩毫无亮点，甚至有些糟糕。为了达成全面消灭库尔德武装的目的，土军选择了兵分三路，分别从从阿勒颇省的北部、西北部、西南部的三个方向发起进攻，在东面的土控巴布地区和南面伊德利普省的土系叛军控制区则采用了炮击和小分队袭扰的方式来牵制库尔德武装的调动。
和宣传中的不同，土耳其投入的装甲力量主要装备实际上并非豹2，而是是以色列升级过的M60
土军设想的很好，但是实际操作起来却不是那么回事。虽然事先进行了作战协调，但开战后3个主攻方向基本上是各打各的，战术也不尽相同，攻击进度也相差甚远。从这点上可以看出，土耳其军队在政变后技战术水平的下降还是明显的，各部队作战水平参差不齐。之前他们在叙利亚进行的巴布战役中吃的亏似乎根本没有发生过一样，不少错误他们又犯了好几次。
库尔德武装展示的击毙土系叛军的尸体，在这场战争中，双方似乎都喜欢展示和羞辱对手的尸体
仅仅在21日一天，土军的几路人马就打出了截然不同的效果。首先从整体表现最差的北路军来说，21日当天，土军以装甲兵部队为先导，伪军为辅助，在炮火准备之后沿着公路进攻Shera的Dikmetas村，结果由于侦查失当，部队一头扎进了库方的口袋里。土系叛军遭遇伏击后基本无法执行命令，而先导的坦克部队因为缺乏步兵掩护，遭遇库方反坦克武器集中攻击，短时间内便损失2台重创1台，土军不得不后撤进行重整，并呼叫空军支援，直到7个小时后才拿下当地。
当然，冒进的毛病他们一直在犯，1月24日、25日连续两天，土军的进攻均被打退，部队进展一度趋于停滞。而土系叛军的纪律性极差，甚至有16名士兵在侦查途中进入村庄抢劫并因此被活捉，在对山地地区和驻垒地域的进攻中，土军总是试图使用土系叛军的轻步兵包抄库方后方，但由于对此地的地形环境不了解，他们的包抄部队往往会被反包围或伏击，进而付出较大伤亡，而一旦库方被包围，又会又会进行殊死抵抗，这又带来了进一步的伤亡。
曾经效忠于库尔德的Jaysh Al-Thuwar组织，他们的美军组建的“叙利亚民主联军”中一支相当有实力的武装力量
相比北部的举步维艰，西部进攻部队打的却有声有色，这支部队采用小部队试探性进攻，稍遇狙击即退却，并以优势的炮兵和空军火力进行打击，数日下来几乎没有什么伤亡。
由于库尔德人在所谓的“叙利亚民主军”中数量有限，为了保证自己的主导权，库方并没有在西侧战线放上多少本族的部队，而是将大量“民主军”中的阿拉伯裔武装堵在这里作为迟滞土军的“炮灰”。
西部军很清楚他们与库族之间的矛盾，并进行利用，事实证明，这一手段十分有效，仅在战争的前三周，就有十多支原本亲库的武装力量宣布“起义”，其中甚至还包括强大的Jaysh Al-Thuwar，这些人的“反叛”不止给库尔德人的防线造成了缺口，还为土军提供了大量关于库方部署的情报，而这也成为了西部军后来在三个方向上进展神速的重要原因。
土耳其军警逮捕的“亲库尔德恐怖分子”
战法转变，战局扭转
然而整体上土军的进展依然是十分缓慢的，这和土军参谋部的预想相差甚远。21-25日两天，土耳其的三路大军都只是分别拿下了几个村庄和山头而已，且几个突出部之间无法互相增援，联合作战基本谈不上，步炮步坦协同问题不断。于是在27日，埃尔多安亲自抵达前线视察，听取了各方报告后，埃尔多安重新提出了作战要求，在这位“当代苏丹”的亲自指导下，土军的战术思想发生了转变。
“橄榄枝行动”和“幼发拉底河之盾”行动的策划者——埃尔多安
1月底，土军一改之前的战法，他们在几个突出部突然以TSK突击队为先导，向突出部两翼以及库方尚算完整的边防线后方发起进攻，并彼此配合，在空军和炮兵掩护下夺取口岸区域，就像是一把把切进野兽硬皮里的小刀一样，嵌入皮肤不厚，但横向一划，就制出造了可怕的创口，短短两日内土军及其仆从几乎控制了阿芙琳与土耳其的半数关口。
1月27日战区地图（本文的地图来自5家不同媒体，尽量做到客观公正）
1月底的土叙边境地图，蓝色是土耳其及其仆从军控制区，黄色属于库尔德人
31日，土军从两个方向逼近拉霍（Raju），似乎试图对库方进行包围。由于土军的电子干扰，部队进展十分顺利，但当地的库尔德武装在交火后迅速沿着山地退却，土军随即出动武直对他们进行袭扰和打击，最终库方在付出一定伤亡后撤出战场。这一幕同样也在阿芙琳北部的Shinkal镇发生，土军甚至还缴获了该部的军旗。经过一定的时间后土军停止了追击，然而侥幸逃生的库尔德武装并没有意识到，这实际上是一个土军在调整战术部署后布下的新陷阱。
土耳其“围三缺一”战术的第一个实验点拉霍（Raju）
客观的说，土军的此阶段的军事素质依然不算多高明，空军的打击效率极为低下，不少炸弹和炮弹都落进了平民区，在扩大控制区时暴露侧翼也使得他们遭受了库方的进攻并付出了不少伤亡，但他们的新战术确实获得了可观收益，还控制着边境线附近阵地的的库尔德人开始担心自己的侧翼和后方安全，而这无疑造成了军心动荡，最终导致了全线溃退。
土耳其军队展示的缴获的库尔德武装军旗
2月1号，土军兵临Bulbul，而后双方在当地爆发激烈交火；次日，库尔德也改变了战略，在多个地区展开了局部反击，他们充分利用了丘陵地形土系叛军进入村镇后麻痹大意的心态，反击取得了一定战果，在多个方向击退土军，摧毁了2台土军坦克，但并不是每次反击都是成功的，不少库方的袭扰部队都在撤退时被坦克和直升机追上，造成了惨重的损失。
3月3日，阿芙琳地区地图，黄色为库尔德武装控制区，绿色为土耳其军队控制区，可见西部山地地区已经被突破大半，北部山地地带也被撕开
虽然由于政府军的通行政策，库方可以随时从东部运来兵员和补给，甚至紧急运抵前线的西方制式导弹一度给土军造成了较大损失。但是因为担心有生力量过度折损，至15日，库方的运动战戛然而止前后仅仅一周多便草草谢幕了。
虽然库尔德人还在宣传着自己挡住了土军的攻势，但战场形势急剧恶化，巴布方面的土军和北阿芙琳方面的土军已经歼灭了边境线上的库军，将战线连成了一片，除了西部3个驻垒区外，阿芙琳外围的防线全面失守，库军作为屏障的山地地区也已丢失大半，不少制高点被土军夺取。时至23日，土军控制了Raju至Afrin-city公路附近的高地，库军不得不在这条撤退通道被完全封锁前撤退。
抵近支援步兵进攻的土耳其豹2坦克
3月初，土军展开了全面进攻。北部重镇拉贾落入土军之手，在啃掉了阿芙琳外围山地的“核桃壳”后，土军的推进速度明显加快，9日，土军未发一枪就夺取了Jindires镇和金德莱斯镇。在Sharan地区的库军营地中，他们甚至还缴获了一些反坦克导弹和重武器。在短短10天内土军就占领了阿芙琳周边大部分区域，而伤亡却还不足30人，库尔德武装几乎没有组织起有效抵抗，大部分地区都是不战而退。
3月12日阿芙琳地区地图，库尔德武装败局已定
兵败如山倒
土军趁势追击从南北两个方向形成了钳形攻势，对阿芙琳南部地区展开一个巨大的包围圈，留给库尔德武装的仅留下一条宽8公里，长12公里的走廊地带。随后几天土军仅付出了少量伤亡便夺取了阿芙琳北部和右翼的几处高地。
随着时间的流逝通道越来越窄，留给库尔德人的时间不多了。看着难民和溃兵逃向东南的阿勒颇，库军内部人心思动，部队的组织度近乎消耗殆尽，16日夜间，不知道是有组织的还是自己崩溃，大批的库军加入了逃亡，一些撤向阿芙琳的部队也遭遇了已经等待在制高点上的土军伏击，具体伤亡不详，阿芙琳北部防线实质上已经崩溃，通往阿芙琳的大门已经向土军张开。
虽然阿芙琳已经近在咫尺，但是土军却再次放慢了脚步，根据土军的无人机和侦察机的传回的影像，库军开始逐步破坏当地的变电站等市政设置，焚毁军民汽车和弄倒电线杆。
17日，库尔德武装焚烧民用车辆视频截图
土军在阿芙琳外围的进攻和之前一样，步步蚕食，有一段视频显示土军的豹2连续用榴弹攻击一座山头上的阵地，并连续击毙多名补上来的YPG士兵。17日夜间，部分阿芙琳库军开始退出市区，土军和伪军随即对阿芙琳市外围阵地发起进攻，经过2小时左右的战斗，库军的抵抗即告瓦解，城内的库军闻讯全部向南逃窜。凌晨3点左右，一伙土系叛军从城市北部进入市区，并未遭遇任何抵抗就抵达了市中心。
土系叛军行进在阿芙琳大街上庆祝胜利
随后他们开始呼叫自己的“战友”，早上7点左右土军占领了整个阿芙琳市区。值得吐槽的是，库军虽然千方百计地毁坏阿芙琳了各种保障设施，但唯独没有对自己的地下弹药库和燃油库进行破坏，装满汽油的美式汽油桶整整齐齐的码放着，弹药库里的武器弹药依旧堆积如山，仅反坦克导弹就还存有数十发，城西仓库里的坦克和皮卡车也都完好无损，真是充满了讽刺意味。随着库军的全面撤离，土军正式全部占领并控制阿芙琳地区。
土耳其宪兵展示的占领的库尔德人弹药库
土耳其展示的缴获的库尔德武装“短号”反坦克导弹，库尔德武装一直指责俄军和叙利亚政府军没有对其进行应有的援助，然而弹药库里的物资是不会撒谎的，根据土耳其军队统计，他们在阿芙琳缴获的反坦克导弹有至少87具，这还不算仆从军私藏的部分。
土军展示的缴获的库尔德武装坦克，库尔德人未对其做任何破坏，一起被缴获的还有一些因为油料耗尽和机械故障而放弃的武装皮卡
胜败何来
土军在为期2个月的军事行动中，其作战表现前后可以说是大相径庭，唯一不变的只有烧杀抢掠。Raju地区被攻陷时因为恐惧土军及其仆从军的残暴政策，大量的当地居民和库军一起向阿芙琳市区逃亡，土军从空中到地面立体的对库军展开了追击。虽然土军的武直在追击途中也有折损，但这对于大局无足轻重。
由于土军的电子干扰，库尔德武装彼此之间的联络出现了严重的问题，不少部队对彼此间的调动一无所知，而土军则依靠较高的战场透明度展开进攻，运动战的一方反而变成了土耳其人。至2月底，沙利克、穆赫哈马德利、威利克里、杜达、卡瓦达、梅丹·伊克比斯和乌姆兰里相继落入土军手中，整个阿芙琳北部边境线全数失守，至3月初，西部据点也悉数失守，土军在此阶段的步、坦、炮、空、电协同能力明显提高，和之前的作战效果简直判若云泥。
土系叛军在抢劫食品和饮料（图片来源：视觉中国）
随着深入叙利亚境内，土军的侵略军本性越发明显， Raju追击战中土军为了达到打乱撤退秩序的效果，放任空军和炮兵无差别打击撤退纵队，虽然他们为了躲避空袭尽量在山地和丘陵上逃跑，但这并不能有效阻止土军的空袭，大量的平民被炮火误伤死亡，最终撤退和流亡变成了溃退，土耳其人达到了目的。
2月1日土军兵临Bulbul后随即对城区和山区展开了无差别轰炸，据统计在2月1日当天就有20余名平民伤亡；2月3日叙利亚人权观察组织收到一段由叙利亚反政府武装和土耳其军队拍摄的视频，视频中，十几名“叙利亚自由军”成员站在一具被严重肢解的女性战士尸体周围，其中一人的脚踩在女兵的左胸上，还有人称这具尸体是“战利品”。据悉这位代号巴灵·科巴尼的死者，是隶属于叙利亚库尔德“娘子军”即妇女保护部队，这支部队曾和ISIS进行过长期战斗，此行为引起了国际社会各界的强烈不满。
土耳其集结的装甲集群
为了宣扬自己的战功，土军还大量抓捕平民，命令他们穿上击毙的库尔德武装人员的衣服，以此达到政治宣传的效果。
土耳其人抓捕的当地平民
2月8日夜间土耳其空军重新开始轰炸北部郊区阿勒颇的轰炸行动，目标是控制库尔德人领导的人民保护部队（YPG）的几个地区。据当地记者称，土耳其空军对阿夫林地区和附近的明格空军基地进行了猛烈轰炸，在夜间进行了20多次空袭，此次空袭又造成了平民区大量建筑物损毁和部分平民伤亡。
同时土军的高层指挥官放任土军士兵和土系叛军抢掠，上到武装弹药下到鸡鸭牛羊有什么抢什么，更有甚者一些土系武装为了断绝当地库军的补给展开了三光政策，拆坏房屋杀死羊羔捣毁水井，土军所过之处小到村庄大到城市一片狼藉，不少难民因此家破人亡，战争的阴暗面表现得淋漓尽致。
土系叛军将城内的摩托车、自行车和拖拉机全部洗劫一空，甚至包括牛羊和鸡鸭（图片来源：视觉中国）
我们再看看败退的库尔德人。库尔德武装此前曾声称死守阿芙琳，但就逃出来的难民的证言以及后来库军的行动来看却不是如此。库军内部对于是战是走一直没有定论，阿芙琳派和从东面赶来支援的曼比季派根本不对付，而后者带来的数百名库军和1800余阿拉伯裔“民主军”，除少量人员和国际纵队外，几乎从4号开始就没离开过阿芙琳城，放任城外的友军被土军不断的分割消灭。
而阿芙琳城内的情况也一直十分糟糕，当地人为了躲避空袭几乎只能躲在地洞里，由于之前溃军和难民大量涌入城市，城内的粮食和供水问题持续恶化，库军甚至一度停止向难民发放食品和水，因而与难民爆发冲突，而难民中混入土军破坏分子的传言也让库军草木皆兵。
库尔德女兵在阿芙琳战役中伤亡惨重
而这，恰恰就是土军之前“围三缺一”的目标，库军因此陷入了混乱与恐慌，土军则逐渐掌握了战场的主动权，譬如在3月12日，阿芙琳西南走廊宽度下降至不足五公里，土军的开始加剧空袭后，当地的平民和相当一部分库军便开始仓皇撤退，此事一度遭到库方发言人否认，但很快，土军爆出了相关的照片，万幸的是，由于空地配合失当，土军没有对这一车队进行袭击，否则将会再次造成巨大的平民伤亡。而库尔德方面的整体表现，用糟糕来形容，都有些糟蹋这两个字了……
土耳其瞄准镜下的逃离阿芙琳的车队
战争比拼的不光是双方的军力和技战术水平，更是双方底力和国际影响的较量，在这一点上，毫无疑问土耳其是全面的胜利。早在土耳其人展开军事行动之前，库方就分别要求叙利亚政府军、俄军和美军进驻阿芙琳地区，并要求俄方或美方在阿芙琳上空设置禁飞区，以阻止土军空袭，然而一切都是无果的，仅俄军派遣少量部队前往该地区维护部分地区的秩序。
土耳其空军对平民的的无差别轰炸
2与13日，高调的的叙库民兵组织指挥官SipanHemo向政府喊话，要求叙政府派兵承担起对抗侵略的责任，但叙利亚政府此时正在北哈马、大马士革、东戴尔祖尔三个区域与强大的敌人对抗，根本分身乏术，仅能从阿勒颇方面军的预备队中挤出了一支数百人的DNF（民兵）于2月17日进驻当地。由于之前美军空袭代尔祖尔亲政府武装带来的恶劣影响，进入阿芙琳的NDF也不敢放开手脚，生怕再遭“误炸”而没有开赴前线，而是在阿芙琳南部的林地代扎营，保护库军补给线。
叙政府军军建议库方将阿芙琳转交叙方，但库方对此嗤之以鼻，认为土军进攻不力危机已经缓解，竟就地打起了小算盘，不断地提着各种条件，希望能获取更多的利益。
为了牵制叙利亚政府军，土耳其为土系叛军提供了大量的重武器，并命令他们对哈马地区展开进攻，这台T55AM便是其中之一，在拍照的次日，该车和3台装甲车被当地的政府军留守部队缴获，极大地充实了当地叙军的装甲力量
而土方的行动则很干脆，他们先是警告美军不要干涉当地的冲突，并在曼比季以北地区和巴布地区增派兵力，形成实质性军事威胁以牵制美军；而后又向俄方强调双方的协议，最后向叙方发出通牒并对进驻当地的叙军（NDF）展开轰炸，并且在哈马西北地区设立观察站并派兵在当地活动牵制叙军，叙军虽想对土军的行动展开反制，但限于兵力捉襟见肘而作罢。
最终随着局势恶化，2月底，俄叙联军被迫后撤，随着他们的离开，阿芙琳再无外援，而此时库尔德武装的命运就已经被决定了。
也许，所谓的“北叙利亚联邦”，离开了国外势力的支持，本就是一个一无民意基础，二无死战决心，三无政治头脑的空壳子吧。
被土耳其空袭摧毁的向阿芙琳运输物资的叙利亚政府军车队
由于此前支持库尔德武装的美国极不愿意与土耳其直接冲突，想要尽快从叙利亚战场抽身。而库尔德武装为了不再次沦为弃子，不惜向曾经殖民并奴役过叙利亚的法国人发出请求，求法军派兵前来曼比季地区设防保护“库尔德斯坦”，而一直缺乏直接介入理由，又对叙利亚利益垂涎的法国人自然是欣然接受，不过，就在更早之前法国外籍兵团在叙利亚的表现来看，承诺参战的法国总统马克龙对于战场的残酷似乎还是一无所知。
2012年，为了夺取霍姆斯，法军曾经出动了一部外籍军团帮助帮助叙利亚叛军发起进攻，结果叛军被击溃，死伤数十，外籍军团官兵被俘12人，负伤20多人，阵亡人数不详，可以说是丢人丢出了国际水平
阿芙琳战役参战的双方一方是分裂武装分子，他们连自己的同族同胞都不在乎，怎么可能会挽救当地的其他居民呢？而另一方是对邻国趁火打劫的“新奥斯曼”，从实际行动已经证明他们和那些他们口头上反对的东西是一丘之貉。就结果来说，土耳其的军队的表现只能说是中规中矩，在初期甚至可以用差强人意，但通过政治手腕，他们达成了战前制定的所有目标，而其损失，几乎可以用微乎其微来形容：不到两位数的坦克，勉强达到两位数的装甲车，3架直升机，几百或者上千名仆从军，仅仅是这点损失，就把库尔德人逐出了阿勒颇西北地区。
战争，从来不是军队之间的硬碰硬那么简单，上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城，土耳其能做好的只有第二条，但也足以保证赢下这场战争。然而胜利给叙利亚人民带来的只有悲痛和苦难，而这份苦难，还远远没有走向终结……
在街头劫掠的土方武装人员（图片来源：视觉中国）
关键字 : 土耳其库尔德武装库尔德叛军
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A summary of the combat performance of the Turkish army: Turkish troops arrested civilians to commend their exploits
A summary of the combat performance of the Turkish army: Turkish troops arrested civilians to commend their exploits
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On January 20, 2017, Turkey launched the “Olive Branch” operation in the Afringin region of Syria and launched an offensive against the Kurdish armed forces occupying the area. On March 30th this paper was completed, Turkey had basically controlled the Aphrien region; while the Kurdish armed forces retreated to the surrounding Aleppo area in the east, a small number of guerrillas surrounded by woodland and mountainous regions were almost wiped out.
However, Turkish President Erdogan immediately announced that he will continue to attack "terrorists". The Turkish army intends to chase victory in the northeastern region of Syria, while French President Markron announced that he will send troops to northern Syria to "stop the Turkish army's aggression." The fighting between the Turkish army and the Kurdish armed forces not only ended this end, but expanded even further, and even new players have emerged. Its influence on the regional situation is still difficult to determine
However, it is now possible to sum up the "Operation Olive Branch": what level of action does the Army have displayed, and how does it gain or lose?
Turkish light armored vehicles involved in the operation, although the firepower is not strong, but enough to easily crushed Kurdish armed pickups
The "Sudan" ambition
The objective of this operation can be said to be very clear at the strategic level. It is very clear that when the government has no time for the civil war, it uses the Kurdish issue as an excuse to seize the Afringin region in the northwestern part of Aleppo Province, and then controls the whole Syria. North West region.
This time, the Turkish military did not repeat the previous mistakes. The timing was right. When the campaign was launched, the main force of the Syrian government forces was launching the "Damascus Steel" campaign in the East Ghouta area. Its reserve team was also mainly concentrated in Damascus. . The opposition between Russia and the United States provides the space and the foundation for the actions of the Turkish Army. The Russian side chooses to continue to expand its position on the Syrian-Lebanese issue and Turkey rejects the prejudice. The US is eager to repair the beauty caused by the Kurdish issue. Soil cracks.
Turkey is a self-reformed 122mm self-propelled rocket launcher that played a very important role in the western mountain operations.
In the midst of a short history in Idlib Province, the Turkish army had just provided a lot of armed, communications equipment and training assistance to the soil-friendly “Liberation Army” (hereafter referred to as the “Turkish Rebel”). These were on the Afline South Line. The armed forces of the West and the West have exerted great pressure on the Kuomintang, and the Turkish rebels and Turkish regular troops have already patrolled the borders of the Syrian-Turkish border for a long time. They have fully become familiar with the border terrain and the deployment of the Kuangfang. The military has accumulated a large amount of bomb material and is ready to launch a raid war.
The native chicken is an armed rebel armed pickup. The car uses a lot of parts of the standard armored vehicles as reinforcements.
Although the clear definition of the military’s thinking is clear at the strategic level, at the beginning of the campaign, the military’s tactical level was quite modest, and even worse. In order to achieve the goal of completely eliminating the Kurdish armed forces, the Turkish army chose to separate the three divisions from the northern, northwestern and southwestern parts of Aleppo province, and in the east of the Tubo district. In the area of rebel control of the Turkish soil in the south of Idlip Province, artillery and squad harassment were used to contain the movement of Kurdish armed forces.
Different from propaganda, the main equipment used by Turkey for armor power is actually not Leopard 2, but is an upgraded M60 from Israel.
The Turkish Army has assumed very well, but the actual operation is not the same. Although the battle coordination was carried out in advance, the three major attack directions after the war were basically different, the tactics were not the same, and the attack progress was very different. From this point of view, it can be seen that the decline in the technical and tactical level of the Turkish army after the coup d’état is still obvious, and the level of fighting among the various troops is uneven. The loss they had previously suffered during the Battle of Syria in Syria did not seem to have occurred at all, and many mistakes they made several times.
The bodies of the Kurdish armed demonstrators who were killed by the Turkish soil rebels, in this war, both of them seem to like to show and humiliate the bodies of their opponents.
Just one day on the 21st, a few troops of the Turkmen had a completely different effect. First of all, from the North Road Army with the worst overall performance, on the 21st, the Turkish Army led the armored troops and the puppets assisted. After the preparations for the attack, they followed the highway and attacked the village of Dikmetas in Shera. As a result, due to misconduct, the troops took a lead. Into the library's pocket. After being ambushed, the soil-based rebels could not basically execute their orders. However, due to the lack of infantry cover, the leading group of tanks suffered a concentrated attack by the anti-tank weapons of the Kufang side. In a short period of time, they lost two sets and damaged one, and the Turkish army had to withdraw. He called the air force support and did not take the place until 7 hours later.
Of course, they have been guilty of aggressive problems. On January 24 and 25, for two days in a row, the Turkmen’s offensives have been repulsed and the progress of the troops has been stagnant. The soiled rebels were extremely poorly disciplined. Even 16 soldiers entered the village to robbery and were caught alive during the investigation. In the offensive against the mountainous regions and the base areas, the Turkish army always tried to use the soil rebel forces. The light infantry was behind the library, but due to the fact that they did not understand the terrain and environment of the area, their out-of-arms forces would often be surrounded or ambushed by the others, and then they would have to pay a large number of casualties. Once the library was surrounded, it would carry out deadly resistance again. This in turn brought further casualties.
The Jaysh Al-Thuwar organization that had been loyal to the Kurdish army, a powerful force in the “Syrian Democratic Coalition” formed by the US military.
Compared with the difficulty in the north, the attacking forces in the west were very impressive. This force used a small force to attack tentatively and retreated when attacked in a short time. It was attacked by superior artillery and air force, and there were few casualties in a few days.
Due to the limited number of Kurds in the so-called “Syrian Democratic Army”, in order to ensure their own dominance, the Kuomintang has not placed many ethnic forces on the western front, but instead has a large number of Arabs in the “Democratic Army”. Armed here as a "cannon fodder" for the late Turkmen.
The western army is very clear about the conflicts between them and the Clan, and it is proved that this method is very effective. Only in the first three weeks of the war, there were more than a dozen armed forces originally pro-banking declared the “uprising”. It even includes the powerful Jaysh Al-Thuwar. The "rebellion" of these people not only created a gap in the Kurdish defense, but also provided the Turk army with a great deal of information on the deployment of the Kuangdang, which became the Western Army later. The important reason for the rapid progress in three directions.
Turkish pro-Kurd terrorists arrested
The tactics changed, the war turned
However, the overall progress of the Turkish Army is still very slow, which is far from the expectations of the Turkish Army Staff. On the 21st and 25th, Turkey’s three-way army had only won several villages and hills respectively, and several prominent parts could not reinforce each other, and joint operations could not be discussed at all. . On the 27th, Erdogan personally arrived at the frontline inspection. After listening to reports from various parties, Erdogan renewed his combat requirements. Under the personal guidance of the “Contemporary Sudan”, the tactical thinking of the Turkish Army took place. change.
Action Planner of "Operation Olive Branch" and "Shield of the Euphrates" - Erdogan
At the end of January, the Turk Army changed their tactics before they suddenly took the TSK commando as the lead in several outbursts. They launched an offensive against the wings of the outriggers and the library's complete border line and cooperated with each other in the Air Force and Under the cover of the artillery, the capture of the port area is like a knife that cuts into the hard skin of a wild animal. If it is embedded in the skin, it is not thick, but horizontal strokes make a terrible wound. In just two days the Turkish Army and its The servants almost controlled Afring's halfway point with Turkey.
January 27 Battlefield Map (The map of this article is from 5 different media, try to be objective and fair)
A map of the Turkish-Syrian border at the end of January. Blue is the control area of Turkey and its servants. Yellow belongs to the Kurds.
On the 31st, the Turkish army approached Raju from two directions and seemed to be trying to surround the library. Due to the electronic interference from the Turkish army, the troops progressed smoothly. However, the local Kurdish armed forces rapidly retreated along the mountain after the exchange of fire. The Turkish army immediately dispatched Wu Zhi to attack and attack them. Eventually, the Kuan side withdrew from the battlefield after paying a certain amount of casualties. This scene also took place in the town of Shinkal in northern Afyon, and the Turkish Army even captured the Ministry’s flag. After a certain period of time, the Turkish Army stopped its pursuit. However, the Kurdish fighter who had escaped from his escape did not realize that this was actually a new trap that Turkmenistan laid after adjusting the tactical deployment.
The first experimental point of Turkey's "three-in-one" tactic, Raju
Objectively speaking, the military qualities at this stage of the Turkish Army are still not very clever. The Air Force's strike efficiency is extremely low. Many bombs and artillery shells fall into civilian areas. Exposing the flanks when expanding the control area also exposes them to the library. The party’s offensive and paid a lot of casualties, but their new tactics did yield considerable gains, and the Kurds who controlled the positions near the border began to worry about their flank and rear safety, and this undoubtedly caused a military turmoil. Caused a complete retreat.
Turkish army display of seized Kurdish armed forces
On the 1st of February, the Turkish soil soldiers approached Bulbul, and the two sides exchanged fierce fighting in the area. On the following day, the Kurdish Army changed its strategy and launched a partial counterattack in various areas. They fully used the hilly terrain and the soil rebel forces entered the villages and towns. With a paralyzed state of mind, the counterattack has achieved certain results, repelling Tu army in multiple directions and destroying two Tus- war tanks. However, not every counterattack was successful, and many of the quarrying harassment units were retreating. He was caught up by tanks and helicopters and caused heavy losses.
On March 3, in the map of Aphrien region, yellow is the Kurdish armed control zone and green is the Turkish army control zone. It can be seen that the western mountainous region has been broken through half of the time, and the northern mountainous region has also been torn apart.
Although the Kuomintang can transport troops and supplies from the east at any time due to the government’s popular policies, even the Western-style guided missiles that have arrived at the front line at one time have caused a great loss to the Turkish army. However, due to fear of over-strength in the forces of power, on the 15th, Kudou's campaign was halted just over a week ago.
Although the Kurds are still advocating that they have blocked the offensive of the Turkish army, the situation in the battlefield has deteriorated sharply. The Turkish army on the Babu side and the Turkish army on the North Afline have already wiped out the Kujun on the border and linked the battlefront. In one piece, in addition to the three western bases, Afring’s perimeter line of defense has fallen completely. The mountainous area where the Kujun has been a shield has also lost most of it. Many commanding heights have been seized by the Turkish army. As of the 23rd, the Turkish Army controlled Raju to the heights near the Afrin-city highway. The Kurdish forces had to retreat before the retreat was completely blocked.
A Turkish Leopard 2 tank approaching the infantry offensive
In early March, the Turkish Army launched a full-scale offensive. The northern town of Raja fell into the hands of the Turkish army. After the “walnut shell” in the outer mountains of Aphrien was destroyed, the advancement rate of the Turkish army was accelerated. On the 9th, the Turks captured the town of Jindires without a single shot. Kindles Town. In the Kujun camp in the Sharan area, they even seized some anti-tank missiles and heavy weapons. In just 10 days, the Turkish army occupied most of Aphryn's surrounding areas, but the casualties were still less than 30. The Kurdish armed forces hardly organized effective resistance, and most areas did not retreat.
Map of the Aphrien region on March 12, the Kurdish armed defeat has been set
Fighting down
The Turkish army chased a pincer attack in both directions from south and north, and launched a huge encirclement around Afringin’s southern region, leaving only one 8 km wide and 12 km long corridor for the Kurdish armed forces. In the next few days, the Turkish Army took only a small amount of casualties and captured several highlands in the northern and right wings of Afelrin.
As time passes, the passage becomes narrower and narrower, leaving little time for the Kurds. Watching the refugees and trooping into Aleppo in the southeast, the insiders of the Ku Army were deeply moved. The organization of the troops was almost exhausted. On the night of the 16th, they did not know whether they were organized or they collapsed. A large number of Kujun joined. When they fled, some troops withdrew to Avelyn also suffered an ambush that had been waiting at the commanding heights. The specific casualties were unknown. Aflin’s northern defense line had virtually collapsed, and the door leading to Afline had been opened to the Turkish army. .
Although Aphryn was already close at hand, the Turkish Army slowed down again. According to the images of the Army’s drones and reconnaissance planes, the Kujun began to gradually destroy the local substations and other municipal settings, burning civilian and civilian vehicles. And tip the pole.
17th, Kurdish armed civilian vehicle burning video screenshots
The Turkish Army's attack on Afringin's periphery was as before, eroded, and there was a video showing that the Turkish Army's Leopard 2 continuously attacked a position on a hilltop with grenade and successively shot several YPG soldiers who had made up for it. On the night of the 17th, part of the Afringe Army began to withdraw from the urban area. The Turkish army and the puppets immediately launched an offensive against the outposts of Aphrene. After about two hours of fighting, the resistance of the Kujun Army collapsed. The Kujun Army in the city collapsed. All heard of the news fled southwards. Around 3 am, a group of soil-based rebels entered the city from the north of the city and arrived in the city center without any resistance.
The soil-based rebels marched on Aflin Avenue to celebrate the victory
Then they started calling their "comrades-in-arms," and at about 7 am the Turkish army occupied the entire city of Aphrene. It is worthwhile to point out that although the Kujun has done every possible means to destroy Aflin’s various safeguard facilities, it has not destroyed its underground ammunition depots and fuel tanks, but American petrol tanks full of gasoline have been placed neatly. The weapons and ammunition in the ammunition depot are still piled up. There are still dozens of anti-tank missiles. The tanks and pick-up trucks in the west of the city warehouse are also intact. It is full of irony. With the full withdrawal of the Kujun, the Turkish army officially occupied and controlled the Afringin area.
Turkish military police demonstrating the occupied Kurdish arsenal
The Kurdish armed "short" anti-tank missiles seized by Turkey were displayed. The Kurdish armed forces have always accused the Russian army and the Syrian government of their lack of assistance. However, the supplies in the ammunition store will not lie, according to the Turkish military statistics. They had at least 87 anti-tank missiles seized at Afringin, which is not yet part of the possession of the slaves.
The Kurdish armed tanks seized by the Turkish Army showed no damage to the Kurds, and there were also some armed pickups that had been seized due to oil depletion and mechanical breakdown.
How to win or lose
In the two-month military operation, the Turkish Army can be said to be very different before and after its combat performance. The only constant is that it burns, robs and loots. When the Raju region was captured, fear of the brutal policy of the Turkish army and its squadrons, a large number of local residents and the Kujun army fled to the Afringine city. The Turkish army pursued the Kujun three-dimensionally from the air to the ground. Although Wu Zhe of the Turkish Army also suffered a loss during the pursuit, this is insignificant for the overall situation.
Due to the military’s electronic interference, the Kurdish armed forces have encountered serious problems in their liaison with each other.
土耳其军队作战表现总结：土军抓捕平民来表扬战功
土耳其军队作战表现总结：土军抓捕平民来表扬战功
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2017年1月20日，土耳其于叙利亚阿芙琳地区发起了“橄榄枝”行动，向占据此地的库尔德武装发动了进攻。至本文完成的3月30日，土耳其已基本控制了阿芙琳地区；而库尔德武装，向东部的阿勒颇周边区域撤退，被包围在林地和山地地区的少量游击队也几乎被消灭。
然而土耳其总统埃尔多安旋即宣布将继续进攻“恐怖分子”，土军意图乘胜追击，染指叙利亚东北部地区，而法国总统马克龙则宣布将出兵叙利亚北部地区，“阻止土耳其军队的侵略”。土军与库尔德武装的战斗不但没有就此结束，反而又更加扩大，甚至还出现了新的参与方。其对地区局势的影响也尚难定论
不过，现在已经可以对“橄榄枝行动”做一总结：土军的行动究竟表现出了什么样的水平，其得失又如何呢？
参与行动的土耳其轻型装甲车，虽然火力并不强大，但足以轻易碾压库尔德武装的皮卡
“苏丹”的野心
此次行动从战略层面来讲目标可以说是非常明确的——趁叙政府因内战无暇顾及之时，以库尔德问题为借口，夺取阿勒颇省西北部的阿芙琳地区，继而控制整个叙利亚西北部地区。
土耳其军方这次没有重蹈之前的覆辙，时机选的恰到好处，战役发起时，叙利亚政府军的主力正在东古塔地区发动“大马士革钢”战役，其预备队也主要集中在大马士革，无暇北顾。而俄美之间的对立又恰好为土军的行动提供了空间与基础，俄方为了继续扩大在叙利问题的上的立场优势选择和土耳其摒弃前嫌，而美方急于修复因库尔德问题造成的美土裂痕。
土耳其系叛军自行改造的122mm自行火箭炮，在西部山岳作战中该炮起到了相当重要的作用
在不久之前伊德利普省内讧之时，土军刚刚给亲土的“自由军”（下文简称为土系叛军）提供了大量武装、通讯器械和训练援助，这些在阿芙琳南线和西线的武装分子给了库方很大的压力，而土系叛军和土正规军行动前已经在土叙边境巡逻已久，充分熟悉了边境地形以及库方部署，几个月内，土军囤积了大量的弹药物资，为发动突袭战争做好了的准备。
土鸡系叛军武装的武装皮卡，该车采用了不少制式装甲车的零件作为加强
虽然在战略层面上土军思路清晰目标明确，但是在战役之初土军战术层面上却中规中矩毫无亮点，甚至有些糟糕。为了达成全面消灭库尔德武装的目的，土军选择了兵分三路，分别从从阿勒颇省的北部、西北部、西南部的三个方向发起进攻，在东面的土控巴布地区和南面伊德利普省的土系叛军控制区则采用了炮击和小分队袭扰的方式来牵制库尔德武装的调动。
和宣传中的不同，土耳其投入的装甲力量主要装备实际上并非豹2，而是是以色列升级过的M60
土军设想的很好，但是实际操作起来却不是那么回事。虽然事先进行了作战协调，但开战后3个主攻方向基本上是各打各的，战术也不尽相同，攻击进度也相差甚远。从这点上可以看出，土耳其军队在政变后技战术水平的下降还是明显的，各部队作战水平参差不齐。之前他们在叙利亚进行的巴布战役中吃的亏似乎根本没有发生过一样，不少错误他们又犯了好几次。
库尔德武装展示的击毙土系叛军的尸体，在这场战争中，双方似乎都喜欢展示和羞辱对手的尸体
仅仅在21日一天，土军的几路人马就打出了截然不同的效果。首先从整体表现最差的北路军来说，21日当天，土军以装甲兵部队为先导，伪军为辅助，在炮火准备之后沿着公路进攻Shera的Dikmetas村，结果由于侦查失当，部队一头扎进了库方的口袋里。土系叛军遭遇伏击后基本无法执行命令，而先导的坦克部队因为缺乏步兵掩护，遭遇库方反坦克武器集中攻击，短时间内便损失2台重创1台，土军不得不后撤进行重整，并呼叫空军支援，直到7个小时后才拿下当地。
当然，冒进的毛病他们一直在犯，1月24日、25日连续两天，土军的进攻均被打退，部队进展一度趋于停滞。而土系叛军的纪律性极差，甚至有16名士兵在侦查途中进入村庄抢劫并因此被活捉，在对山地地区和驻垒地域的进攻中，土军总是试图使用土系叛军的轻步兵包抄库方后方，但由于对此地的地形环境不了解，他们的包抄部队往往会被反包围或伏击，进而付出较大伤亡，而一旦库方被包围，又会又会进行殊死抵抗，这又带来了进一步的伤亡。
曾经效忠于库尔德的Jaysh Al-Thuwar组织，他们的美军组建的“叙利亚民主联军”中一支相当有实力的武装力量
相比北部的举步维艰，西部进攻部队打的却有声有色，这支部队采用小部队试探性进攻，稍遇狙击即退却，并以优势的炮兵和空军火力进行打击，数日下来几乎没有什么伤亡。
由于库尔德人在所谓的“叙利亚民主军”中数量有限，为了保证自己的主导权，库方并没有在西侧战线放上多少本族的部队，而是将大量“民主军”中的阿拉伯裔武装堵在这里作为迟滞土军的“炮灰”。
西部军很清楚他们与库族之间的矛盾，并进行利用，事实证明，这一手段十分有效，仅在战争的前三周，就有十多支原本亲库的武装力量宣布“起义”，其中甚至还包括强大的Jaysh Al-Thuwar，这些人的“反叛”不止给库尔德人的防线造成了缺口，还为土军提供了大量关于库方部署的情报，而这也成为了西部军后来在三个方向上进展神速的重要原因。
土耳其军警逮捕的“亲库尔德恐怖分子”
战法转变，战局扭转
然而整体上土军的进展依然是十分缓慢的，这和土军参谋部的预想相差甚远。21-25日两天，土耳其的三路大军都只是分别拿下了几个村庄和山头而已，且几个突出部之间无法互相增援，联合作战基本谈不上，步炮步坦协同问题不断。于是在27日，埃尔多安亲自抵达前线视察，听取了各方报告后，埃尔多安重新提出了作战要求，在这位“当代苏丹”的亲自指导下，土军的战术思想发生了转变。
“橄榄枝行动”和“幼发拉底河之盾”行动的策划者——埃尔多安
1月底，土军一改之前的战法，他们在几个突出部突然以TSK突击队为先导，向突出部两翼以及库方尚算完整的边防线后方发起进攻，并彼此配合，在空军和炮兵掩护下夺取口岸区域，就像是一把把切进野兽硬皮里的小刀一样，嵌入皮肤不厚，但横向一划，就制出造了可怕的创口，短短两日内土军及其仆从几乎控制了阿芙琳与土耳其的半数关口。
1月27日战区地图（本文的地图来自5家不同媒体，尽量做到客观公正）
1月底的土叙边境地图，蓝色是土耳其及其仆从军控制区，黄色属于库尔德人
31日，土军从两个方向逼近拉霍（Raju），似乎试图对库方进行包围。由于土军的电子干扰，部队进展十分顺利，但当地的库尔德武装在交火后迅速沿着山地退却，土军随即出动武直对他们进行袭扰和打击，最终库方在付出一定伤亡后撤出战场。这一幕同样也在阿芙琳北部的Shinkal镇发生，土军甚至还缴获了该部的军旗。经过一定的时间后土军停止了追击，然而侥幸逃生的库尔德武装并没有意识到，这实际上是一个土军在调整战术部署后布下的新陷阱。
土耳其“围三缺一”战术的第一个实验点拉霍（Raju）
客观的说，土军的此阶段的军事素质依然不算多高明，空军的打击效率极为低下，不少炸弹和炮弹都落进了平民区，在扩大控制区时暴露侧翼也使得他们遭受了库方的进攻并付出了不少伤亡，但他们的新战术确实获得了可观收益，还控制着边境线附近阵地的的库尔德人开始担心自己的侧翼和后方安全，而这无疑造成了军心动荡，最终导致了全线溃退。
土耳其军队展示的缴获的库尔德武装军旗
2月1号，土军兵临Bulbul，而后双方在当地爆发激烈交火；次日，库尔德也改变了战略，在多个地区展开了局部反击，他们充分利用了丘陵地形土系叛军进入村镇后麻痹大意的心态，反击取得了一定战果，在多个方向击退土军，摧毁了2台土军坦克，但并不是每次反击都是成功的，不少库方的袭扰部队都在撤退时被坦克和直升机追上，造成了惨重的损失。
3月3日，阿芙琳地区地图，黄色为库尔德武装控制区，绿色为土耳其军队控制区，可见西部山地地区已经被突破大半，北部山地地带也被撕开
虽然由于政府军的通行政策，库方可以随时从东部运来兵员和补给，甚至紧急运抵前线的西方制式导弹一度给土军造成了较大损失。但是因为担心有生力量过度折损，至15日，库方的运动战戛然而止前后仅仅一周多便草草谢幕了。
虽然库尔德人还在宣传着自己挡住了土军的攻势，但战场形势急剧恶化，巴布方面的土军和北阿芙琳方面的土军已经歼灭了边境线上的库军，将战线连成了一片，除了西部3个驻垒区外，阿芙琳外围的防线全面失守，库军作为屏障的山地地区也已丢失大半，不少制高点被土军夺取。时至23日，土军控制了Raju至Afrin-city公路附近的高地，库军不得不在这条撤退通道被完全封锁前撤退。
抵近支援步兵进攻的土耳其豹2坦克
3月初，土军展开了全面进攻。北部重镇拉贾落入土军之手，在啃掉了阿芙琳外围山地的“核桃壳”后，土军的推进速度明显加快，9日，土军未发一枪就夺取了Jindires镇和金德莱斯镇。在Sharan地区的库军营地中，他们甚至还缴获了一些反坦克导弹和重武器。在短短10天内土军就占领了阿芙琳周边大部分区域，而伤亡却还不足30人，库尔德武装几乎没有组织起有效抵抗，大部分地区都是不战而退。
3月12日阿芙琳地区地图，库尔德武装败局已定
兵败如山倒
土军趁势追击从南北两个方向形成了钳形攻势，对阿芙琳南部地区展开一个巨大的包围圈，留给库尔德武装的仅留下一条宽8公里，长12公里的走廊地带。随后几天土军仅付出了少量伤亡便夺取了阿芙琳北部和右翼的几处高地。
随着时间的流逝通道越来越窄，留给库尔德人的时间不多了。看着难民和溃兵逃向东南的阿勒颇，库军内部人心思动，部队的组织度近乎消耗殆尽，16日夜间，不知道是有组织的还是自己崩溃，大批的库军加入了逃亡，一些撤向阿芙琳的部队也遭遇了已经等待在制高点上的土军伏击，具体伤亡不详，阿芙琳北部防线实质上已经崩溃，通往阿芙琳的大门已经向土军张开。
虽然阿芙琳已经近在咫尺，但是土军却再次放慢了脚步，根据土军的无人机和侦察机的传回的影像，库军开始逐步破坏当地的变电站等市政设置，焚毁军民汽车和弄倒电线杆。
17日，库尔德武装焚烧民用车辆视频截图
土军在阿芙琳外围的进攻和之前一样，步步蚕食，有一段视频显示土军的豹2连续用榴弹攻击一座山头上的阵地，并连续击毙多名补上来的YPG士兵。17日夜间，部分阿芙琳库军开始退出市区，土军和伪军随即对阿芙琳市外围阵地发起进攻，经过2小时左右的战斗，库军的抵抗即告瓦解，城内的库军闻讯全部向南逃窜。凌晨3点左右，一伙土系叛军从城市北部进入市区，并未遭遇任何抵抗就抵达了市中心。
土系叛军行进在阿芙琳大街上庆祝胜利
随后他们开始呼叫自己的“战友”，早上7点左右土军占领了整个阿芙琳市区。值得吐槽的是，库军虽然千方百计地毁坏阿芙琳了各种保障设施，但唯独没有对自己的地下弹药库和燃油库进行破坏，装满汽油的美式汽油桶整整齐齐的码放着，弹药库里的武器弹药依旧堆积如山，仅反坦克导弹就还存有数十发，城西仓库里的坦克和皮卡车也都完好无损，真是充满了讽刺意味。随着库军的全面撤离，土军正式全部占领并控制阿芙琳地区。
土耳其宪兵展示的占领的库尔德人弹药库
土耳其展示的缴获的库尔德武装“短号”反坦克导弹，库尔德武装一直指责俄军和叙利亚政府军没有对其进行应有的援助，然而弹药库里的物资是不会撒谎的，根据土耳其军队统计，他们在阿芙琳缴获的反坦克导弹有至少87具，这还不算仆从军私藏的部分。
土军展示的缴获的库尔德武装坦克，库尔德人未对其做任何破坏，一起被缴获的还有一些因为油料耗尽和机械故障而放弃的武装皮卡
胜败何来
土军在为期2个月的军事行动中，其作战表现前后可以说是大相径庭，唯一不变的只有烧杀抢掠。Raju地区被攻陷时因为恐惧土军及其仆从军的残暴政策，大量的当地居民和库军一起向阿芙琳市区逃亡，土军从空中到地面立体的对库军展开了追击。虽然土军的武直在追击途中也有折损，但这对于大局无足轻重。
由于土军的电子干扰，库尔德武装彼此之间的联络出现了严重的问题，不少部队对彼此间的调动一无所知，而土军则依靠较高的战场透明度展开进攻，运动战的一方反而变成了土耳其人。至2月底，沙利克、穆赫哈马德利、威利克里、杜达、卡瓦达、梅丹·伊克比斯和乌姆兰里相继落入土军手中，整个阿芙琳北部边境线全数失守，至3月初，西部据点也悉数失守，土军在此阶段的步、坦、炮、空、电协同能力明显提高，和之前的作战效果简直判若云泥。
土系叛军在抢劫食品和饮料（图片来源：视觉中国）
随着深入叙利亚境内，土军的侵略军本性越发明显， Raju追击战中土军为了达到打乱撤退秩序的效果，放任空军和炮兵无差别打击撤退纵队，虽然他们为了躲避空袭尽量在山地和丘陵上逃跑，但这并不能有效阻止土军的空袭，大量的平民被炮火误伤死亡，最终撤退和流亡变成了溃退，土耳其人达到了目的。
2月1日土军兵临Bulbul后随即对城区和山区展开了无差别轰炸，据统计在2月1日当天就有20余名平民伤亡；2月3日叙利亚人权观察组织收到一段由叙利亚反政府武装和土耳其军队拍摄的视频，视频中，十几名“叙利亚自由军”成员站在一具被严重肢解的女性战士尸体周围，其中一人的脚踩在女兵的左胸上，还有人称这具尸体是“战利品”。据悉这位代号巴灵·科巴尼的死者，是隶属于叙利亚库尔德“娘子军”即妇女保护部队，这支部队曾和ISIS进行过长期战斗，此行为引起了国际社会各界的强烈不满。
土耳其集结的装甲集群
为了宣扬自己的战功，土军还大量抓捕平民，命令他们穿上击毙的库尔德武装人员的衣服，以此达到政治宣传的效果。
土耳其人抓捕的当地平民
2月8日夜间土耳其空军重新开始轰炸北部郊区阿勒颇的轰炸行动，目标是控制库尔德人领导的人民保护部队（YPG）的几个地区。据当地记者称，土耳其空军对阿夫林地区和附近的明格空军基地进行了猛烈轰炸，在夜间进行了20多次空袭，此次空袭又造成了平民区大量建筑物损毁和部分平民伤亡。
同时土军的高层指挥官放任土军士兵和土系叛军抢掠，上到武装弹药下到鸡鸭牛羊有什么抢什么，更有甚者一些土系武装为了断绝当地库军的补给展开了三光政策，拆坏房屋杀死羊羔捣毁水井，土军所过之处小到村庄大到城市一片狼藉，不少难民因此家破人亡，战争的阴暗面表现得淋漓尽致。
土系叛军将城内的摩托车、自行车和拖拉机全部洗劫一空，甚至包括牛羊和鸡鸭（图片来源：视觉中国）
我们再看看败退的库尔德人。库尔德武装此前曾声称死守阿芙琳，但就逃出来的难民的证言以及后来库军的行动来看却不是如此。库军内部对于是战是走一直没有定论，阿芙琳派和从东面赶来支援的曼比季派根本不对付，而后者带来的数百名库军和1800余阿拉伯裔“民主军”，除少量人员和国际纵队外，几乎从4号开始就没离开过阿芙琳城，放任城外的友军被土军不断的分割消灭。
而阿芙琳城内的情况也一直十分糟糕，当地人为了躲避空袭几乎只能躲在地洞里，由于之前溃军和难民大量涌入城市，城内的粮食和供水问题持续恶化，库军甚至一度停止向难民发放食品和水，因而与难民爆发冲突，而难民中混入土军破坏分子的传言也让库军草木皆兵。
库尔德女兵在阿芙琳战役中伤亡惨重
而这，恰恰就是土军之前“围三缺一”的目标，库军因此陷入了混乱与恐慌，土军则逐渐掌握了战场的主动权，譬如在3月12日，阿芙琳西南走廊宽度下降至不足五公里，土军的开始加剧空袭后，当地的平民和相当一部分库军便开始仓皇撤退，此事一度遭到库方发言人否认，但很快，土军爆出了相关的照片，万幸的是，由于空地配合失当，土军没有对这一车队进行袭击，否则将会再次造成巨大的平民伤亡。而库尔德方面的整体表现，用糟糕来形容，都有些糟蹋这两个字了……
土耳其瞄准镜下的逃离阿芙琳的车队
战争比拼的不光是双方的军力和技战术水平，更是双方底力和国际影响的较量，在这一点上，毫无疑问土耳其是全面的胜利。早在土耳其人展开军事行动之前，库方就分别要求叙利亚政府军、俄军和美军进驻阿芙琳地区，并要求俄方或美方在阿芙琳上空设置禁飞区，以阻止土军空袭，然而一切都是无果的，仅俄军派遣少量部队前往该地区维护部分地区的秩序。
土耳其空军对平民的的无差别轰炸
2与13日，高调的的叙库民兵组织指挥官SipanHemo向政府喊话，要求叙政府派兵承担起对抗侵略的责任，但叙利亚政府此时正在北哈马、大马士革、东戴尔祖尔三个区域与强大的敌人对抗，根本分身乏术，仅能从阿勒颇方面军的预备队中挤出了一支数百人的DNF（民兵）于2月17日进驻当地。由于之前美军空袭代尔祖尔亲政府武装带来的恶劣影响，进入阿芙琳的NDF也不敢放开手脚，生怕再遭“误炸”而没有开赴前线，而是在阿芙琳南部的林地代扎营，保护库军补给线。
叙政府军军建议库方将阿芙琳转交叙方，但库方对此嗤之以鼻，认为土军进攻不力危机已经缓解，竟就地打起了小算盘，不断地提着各种条件，希望能获取更多的利益。
为了牵制叙利亚政府军，土耳其为土系叛军提供了大量的重武器，并命令他们对哈马地区展开进攻，这台T55AM便是其中之一，在拍照的次日，该车和3台装甲车被当地的政府军留守部队缴获，极大地充实了当地叙军的装甲力量
而土方的行动则很干脆，他们先是警告美军不要干涉当地的冲突，并在曼比季以北地区和巴布地区增派兵力，形成实质性军事威胁以牵制美军；而后又向俄方强调双方的协议，最后向叙方发出通牒并对进驻当地的叙军（NDF）展开轰炸，并且在哈马西北地区设立观察站并派兵在当地活动牵制叙军，叙军虽想对土军的行动展开反制，但限于兵力捉襟见肘而作罢。
最终随着局势恶化，2月底，俄叙联军被迫后撤，随着他们的离开，阿芙琳再无外援，而此时库尔德武装的命运就已经被决定了。
也许，所谓的“北叙利亚联邦”，离开了国外势力的支持，本就是一个一无民意基础，二无死战决心，三无政治头脑的空壳子吧。
被土耳其空袭摧毁的向阿芙琳运输物资的叙利亚政府军车队
由于此前支持库尔德武装的美国极不愿意与土耳其直接冲突，想要尽快从叙利亚战场抽身。而库尔德武装为了不再次沦为弃子，不惜向曾经殖民并奴役过叙利亚的法国人发出请求，求法军派兵前来曼比季地区设防保护“库尔德斯坦”，而一直缺乏直接介入理由，又对叙利亚利益垂涎的法国人自然是欣然接受，不过，就在更早之前法国外籍兵团在叙利亚的表现来看，承诺参战的法国总统马克龙对于战场的残酷似乎还是一无所知。
2012年，为了夺取霍姆斯，法军曾经出动了一部外籍军团帮助帮助叙利亚叛军发起进攻，结果叛军被击溃，死伤数十，外籍军团官兵被俘12人，负伤20多人，阵亡人数不详，可以说是丢人丢出了国际水平
阿芙琳战役参战的双方一方是分裂武装分子，他们连自己的同族同胞都不在乎，怎么可能会挽救当地的其他居民呢？而另一方是对邻国趁火打劫的“新奥斯曼”，从实际行动已经证明他们和那些他们口头上反对的东西是一丘之貉。就结果来说，土耳其的军队的表现只能说是中规中矩，在初期甚至可以用差强人意，但通过政治手腕，他们达成了战前制定的所有目标，而其损失，几乎可以用微乎其微来形容：不到两位数的坦克，勉强达到两位数的装甲车，3架直升机，几百或者上千名仆从军，仅仅是这点损失，就把库尔德人逐出了阿勒颇西北地区。
战争，从来不是军队之间的硬碰硬那么简单，上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城，土耳其能做好的只有第二条，但也足以保证赢下这场战争。然而胜利给叙利亚人民带来的只有悲痛和苦难，而这份苦难，还远远没有走向终结……
在街头劫掠的土方武装人员（图片来源：视觉中国）
关键字 : 土耳其库尔德武装库尔德叛军
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A summary of the combat performance of the Turkish army: Turkish troops arrested civilians to commend their exploits
A summary of the combat performance of the Turkish army: Turkish troops arrested civilians to commend their exploits
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On January 20, 2017, Turkey launched the “Olive Branch” operation in the Afringin region of Syria and launched an offensive against the Kurdish armed forces occupying the area. On March 30th this paper was completed, Turkey had basically controlled the Aphrien region; while the Kurdish armed forces retreated to the surrounding Aleppo area in the east, a small number of guerrillas surrounded by woodland and mountainous regions were almost wiped out.
However, Turkish President Erdogan immediately announced that he will continue to attack "terrorists". The Turkish army intends to chase victory in the northeastern region of Syria, while French President Markron announced that he will send troops to northern Syria to "stop the Turkish army's aggression." The fighting between the Turkish army and the Kurdish armed forces not only ended this end, but expanded even further, and even new players have emerged. Its influence on the regional situation is still difficult to determine
However, it is now possible to sum up the "Operation Olive Branch": what level of action does the Army have displayed, and how does it gain or lose?
Turkish light armored vehicles involved in the operation, although the firepower is not strong, but enough to easily crushed Kurdish armed pickups
The "Sudan" ambition
The objective of this operation can be said to be very clear at the strategic level. It is very clear that when the government has no time for the civil war, it uses the Kurdish issue as an excuse to seize the Afringin region in the northwestern part of Aleppo Province, and then controls the whole Syria. North West region.
This time, the Turkish military did not repeat the previous mistakes. The timing was right. When the campaign was launched, the main force of the Syrian government forces was launching the "Damascus Steel" campaign in the East Ghouta area. Its reserve team was also mainly concentrated in Damascus. . The opposition between Russia and the United States provides the space and the foundation for the actions of the Turkish Army. The Russian side chooses to continue to expand its position on the Syrian-Lebanese issue and Turkey rejects the prejudice. The US is eager to repair the beauty caused by the Kurdish issue. Soil cracks.
Turkey is a self-reformed 122mm self-propelled rocket launcher that played a very important role in the western mountain operations.
In the midst of a short history in Idlib Province, the Turkish army had just provided a lot of armed, communications equipment and training assistance to the soil-friendly “Liberation Army” (hereafter referred to as the “Turkish Rebel”). These were on the Afline South Line. The armed forces of the West and the West have exerted great pressure on the Kuomintang, and the Turkish rebels and Turkish regular troops have already patrolled the borders of the Syrian-Turkish border for a long time. They have fully become familiar with the border terrain and the deployment of the Kuangfang. The military has accumulated a large amount of bomb material and is ready to launch a raid war.
The native chicken is an armed rebel armed pickup. The car uses a lot of parts of the standard armored vehicles as reinforcements.
Although the clear definition of the military’s thinking is clear at the strategic level, at the beginning of the campaign, the military’s tactical level was quite modest, and even worse. In order to achieve the goal of completely eliminating the Kurdish armed forces, the Turkish army chose to separate the three divisions from the northern, northwestern and southwestern parts of Aleppo province, and in the east of the Tubo district. In the area of rebel control of the Turkish soil in the south of Idlip Province, artillery and squad harassment were used to contain the movement of Kurdish armed forces.
Different from propaganda, the main equipment used by Turkey for armor power is actually not Leopard 2, but is an upgraded M60 from Israel.
The Turkish Army has assumed very well, but the actual operation is not the same. Although the battle coordination was carried out in advance, the three major attack directions after the war were basically different, the tactics were not the same, and the attack progress was very different. From this point of view, it can be seen that the decline in the technical and tactical level of the Turkish army after the coup d’état is still obvious, and the level of fighting among the various troops is uneven. The loss they had previously suffered during the Battle of Syria in Syria did not seem to have occurred at all, and many mistakes they made several times.
The bodies of the Kurdish armed demonstrators who were killed by the Turkish soil rebels, in this war, both of them seem to like to show and humiliate the bodies of their opponents.
Just one day on the 21st, a few troops of the Turkmen had a completely different effect. First of all, from the North Road Army with the worst overall performance, on the 21st, the Turkish Army led the armored troops and the puppets assisted. After the preparations for the attack, they followed the highway and attacked the village of Dikmetas in Shera. As a result, due to misconduct, the troops took a lead. Into the library's pocket. After being ambushed, the soil-based rebels could not basically execute their orders. However, due to the lack of infantry cover, the leading group of tanks suffered a concentrated attack by the anti-tank weapons of the Kufang side. In a short period of time, they lost two sets and damaged one, and the Turkish army had to withdraw. He called the air force support and did not take the place until 7 hours later.
Of course, they have been guilty of aggressive problems. On January 24 and 25, for two days in a row, the Turkmen’s offensives have been repulsed and the progress of the troops has been stagnant. The soiled rebels were extremely poorly disciplined. Even 16 soldiers entered the village to robbery and were caught alive during the investigation. In the offensive against the mountainous regions and the base areas, the Turkish army always tried to use the soil rebel forces. The light infantry was behind the library, but due to the fact that they did not understand the terrain and environment of the area, their out-of-arms forces would often be surrounded or ambushed by the others, and then they would have to pay a large number of casualties. Once the library was surrounded, it would carry out deadly resistance again. This in turn brought further casualties.
The Jaysh Al-Thuwar organization that had been loyal to the Kurdish army, a powerful force in the “Syrian Democratic Coalition” formed by the US military.
Compared with the difficulty in the north, the attacking forces in the west were very impressive. This force used a small force to attack tentatively and retreated when attacked in a short time. It was attacked by superior artillery and air force, and there were few casualties in a few days.
Due to the limited number of Kurds in the so-called “Syrian Democratic Army”, in order to ensure their own dominance, the Kuomintang has not placed many ethnic forces on the western front, but instead has a large number of Arabs in the “Democratic Army”. Armed here as a "cannon fodder" for the late Turkmen.
The western army is very clear about the conflicts between them and the Clan, and it is proved that this method is very effective. Only in the first three weeks of the war, there were more than a dozen armed forces originally pro-banking declared the “uprising”. It even includes the powerful Jaysh Al-Thuwar. The "rebellion" of these people not only created a gap in the Kurdish defense, but also provided the Turk army with a great deal of information on the deployment of the Kuangdang, which became the Western Army later. The important reason for the rapid progress in three directions.
Turkish pro-Kurd terrorists arrested
The tactics changed, the war turned
However, the overall progress of the Turkish Army is still very slow, which is far from the expectations of the Turkish Army Staff. On the 21st and 25th, Turkey’s three-way army had only won several villages and hills respectively, and several prominent parts could not reinforce each other, and joint operations could not be discussed at all. . On the 27th, Erdogan personally arrived at the frontline inspection. After listening to reports from various parties, Erdogan renewed his combat requirements. Under the personal guidance of the “Contemporary Sudan”, the tactical thinking of the Turkish Army took place. change.
Action Planner of "Operation Olive Branch" and "Shield of the Euphrates" - Erdogan
At the end of January, the Turk Army changed their tactics before they suddenly took the TSK commando as the lead in several outbursts. They launched an offensive against the wings of the outriggers and the library's complete border line and cooperated with each other in the Air Force and Under the cover of the artillery, the capture of the port area is like a knife that cuts into the hard skin of a wild animal. If it is embedded in the skin, it is not thick, but horizontal strokes make a terrible wound. In just two days the Turkish Army and its The servants almost controlled Afring's halfway point with Turkey.
January 27 Battlefield Map (The map of this article is from 5 different media, try to be objective and fair)
A map of the Turkish-Syrian border at the end of January. Blue is the control area of Turkey and its servants. Yellow belongs to the Kurds.
On the 31st, the Turkish army approached Raju from two directions and seemed to be trying to surround the library. Due to the electronic interference from the Turkish army, the troops progressed smoothly. However, the local Kurdish armed forces rapidly retreated along the mountain after the exchange of fire. The Turkish army immediately dispatched Wu Zhi to attack and attack them. Eventually, the Kuan side withdrew from the battlefield after paying a certain amount of casualties. This scene also took place in the town of Shinkal in northern Afyon, and the Turkish Army even captured the Ministry’s flag. After a certain period of time, the Turkish Army stopped its pursuit. However, the Kurdish fighter who had escaped from his escape did not realize that this was actually a new trap that Turkmenistan laid after adjusting the tactical deployment.
The first experimental point of Turkey's "three-in-one" tactic, Raju
Objectively speaking, the military qualities at this stage of the Turkish Army are still not very clever. The Air Force's strike efficiency is extremely low. Many bombs and artillery shells fall into civilian areas. Exposing the flanks when expanding the control area also exposes them to the library. The party’s offensive and paid a lot of casualties, but their new tactics did yield considerable gains, and the Kurds who controlled the positions near the border began to worry about their flank and rear safety, and this undoubtedly caused a military turmoil. Caused a complete retreat.
Turkish army display of seized Kurdish armed forces
On the 1st of February, the Turkish soil soldiers approached Bulbul, and the two sides exchanged fierce fighting in the area. On the following day, the Kurdish Army changed its strategy and launched a partial counterattack in various areas. They fully used the hilly terrain and the soil rebel forces entered the villages and towns. With a paralyzed state of mind, the counterattack has achieved certain results, repelling Tu army in multiple directions and destroying two Tus- war tanks. However, not every counterattack was successful, and many of the quarrying harassment units were retreating. He was caught up by tanks and helicopters and caused heavy losses.
On March 3, in the map of Aphrien region, yellow is the Kurdish armed control zone and green is the Turkish army control zone. It can be seen that the western mountainous region has been broken through half of the time, and the northern mountainous region has also been torn apart.
Although the Kuomintang can transport troops and supplies from the east at any time due to the government’s popular policies, even the Western-style guided missiles that have arrived at the front line at one time have caused a great loss to the Turkish army. However, due to fear of over-strength in the forces of power, on the 15th, Kudou's campaign was halted just over a week ago.
Although the Kurds are still advocating that they have blocked the offensive of the Turkish army, the situation in the battlefield has deteriorated sharply. The Turkish army on the Babu side and the Turkish army on the North Afline have already wiped out the Kujun on the border and linked the battlefront. In one piece, in addition to the three western bases, Afring’s perimeter line of defense has fallen completely. The mountainous area where the Kujun has been a shield has also lost most of it. Many commanding heights have been seized by the Turkish army. As of the 23rd, the Turkish Army controlled Raju to the heights near the Afrin-city highway. The Kurdish forces had to retreat before the retreat was completely blocked.
A Turkish Leopard 2 tank approaching the infantry offensive
In early March, the Turkish Army launched a full-scale offensive. The northern town of Raja fell into the hands of the Turkish army. After the “walnut shell” in the outer mountains of Aphrien was destroyed, the advancement rate of the Turkish army was accelerated. On the 9th, the Turks captured the town of Jindires without a single shot. Kindles Town. In the Kujun camp in the Sharan area, they even seized some anti-tank missiles and heavy weapons. In just 10 days, the Turkish army occupied most of Aphryn's surrounding areas, but the casualties were still less than 30. The Kurdish armed forces hardly organized effective resistance, and most areas did not retreat.
Map of the Aphrien region on March 12, the Kurdish armed defeat has been set
Fighting down
The Turkish army chased a pincer attack in both directions from south and north, and launched a huge encirclement around Afringin’s southern region, leaving only one 8 km wide and 12 km long corridor for the Kurdish armed forces. In the next few days, the Turkish Army took only a small amount of casualties and captured several highlands in the northern and right wings of Afelrin.
As time passes, the passage becomes narrower and narrower, leaving little time for the Kurds. Watching the refugees and trooping into Aleppo in the southeast, the insiders of the Ku Army were deeply moved. The organization of the troops was almost exhausted. On the night of the 16th, they did not know whether they were organized or they collapsed. A large number of Kujun joined. When they fled, some troops withdrew to Avelyn also suffered an ambush that had been waiting at the commanding heights. The specific casualties were unknown. Aflin’s northern defense line had virtually collapsed, and the door leading to Afline had been opened to the Turkish army. .
Although Aphryn was already close at hand, the Turkish Army slowed down again. According to the images of the Army’s drones and reconnaissance planes, the Kujun began to gradually destroy the local substations and other municipal settings, burning civilian and civilian vehicles. And tip the pole.
17th, Kurdish armed civilian vehicle burning video screenshots
The Turkish Army's attack on Afringin's periphery was as before, eroded, and there was a video showing that the Turkish Army's Leopard 2 continuously attacked a position on a hilltop with grenade and successively shot several YPG soldiers who had made up for it. On the night of the 17th, part of the Afringe Army began to withdraw from the urban area. The Turkish army and the puppets immediately launched an offensive against the outposts of Aphrene. After about two hours of fighting, the resistance of the Kujun Army collapsed. The Kujun Army in the city collapsed. All heard of the news fled southwards. Around 3 am, a group of soil-based rebels entered the city from the north of the city and arrived in the city center without any resistance.
The soil-based rebels marched on Aflin Avenue to celebrate the victory
Then they started calling their "comrades-in-arms," and at about 7 am the Turkish army occupied the entire city of Aphrene. It is worthwhile to point out that although the Kujun has done every possible means to destroy Aflin’s various safeguard facilities, it has not destroyed its underground ammunition depots and fuel tanks, but American petrol tanks full of gasoline have been placed neatly. The weapons and ammunition in the ammunition depot are still piled up. There are still dozens of anti-tank missiles. The tanks and pick-up trucks in the west of the city warehouse are also intact. It is full of irony. With the full withdrawal of the Kujun, the Turkish army officially occupied and controlled the Afringin area.
Turkish military police demonstrating the occupied Kurdish arsenal
The Kurdish armed "short" anti-tank missiles seized by Turkey were displayed. The Kurdish armed forces have always accused the Russian army and the Syrian government of their lack of assistance. However, the supplies in the ammunition store will not lie, according to the Turkish military statistics. They had at least 87 anti-tank missiles seized at Afringin, which is not yet part of the possession of the slaves.
The Kurdish armed tanks seized by the Turkish Army showed no damage to the Kurds, and there were also some armed pickups that had been seized due to oil depletion and mechanical breakdown.
How to win or lose
In the two-month military operation, the Turkish Army can be said to be very different before and after its combat performance. The only constant is that it burns, robs and loots. When the Raju region was captured, fear of the brutal policy of the Turkish army and its squadrons, a large number of local residents and the Kujun army fled to the Afringine city. The Turkish army pursued the Kujun three-dimensionally from the air to the ground. Although Wu Zhe of the Turkish Army also suffered a loss during the pursuit, this is insignificant for the overall situation.
Due to the military’s electronic interference, the Kurdish armed forces have encountered serious problems in their liaison with each other.
