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Alzheimer's (AD) and Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) both cause memory loss, but differ in their root cause: AD involves amyloid/tau plaques, while LATE involves buildup of the TDP-43 protein, affecting older adults (80+) and often coexisting with AD, leading to faster decline when combined, with LATE progressing slower in isolation but still impairing memory. Distinguishing them is crucial for treatment, as LATE pathology (like hippocampal sclerosis) mimics AD but needs different consideration, especially with new Alzheimer's drugs.