The 1997 handover of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to China was made under an agreement that promised Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy for 50 years under the "one country, two systems" principle. This 50-year period, set to conclude in 2047, was intended to preserve Hong Kong's capitalist system, independent judiciary, and freedoms of speech and assembly, which are not found in mainland China. However, China has increasingly tightened its control over Hong Kong, leading many to believe the promises have not been kept.
The
Sino-British Joint Declaration and "one country, two systems"
- What it is: The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration and the subsequent Basic Law established the framework for Hong Kong's handover.
- Key provisions: China pledged to maintain Hong Kong's autonomy for 50 years, meaning the city would keep its own economic and legal systems, as well as its human rights and freedoms.
- The 50-year promise: This period of guaranteed autonomy was to last until 2047.
Developments and tensions
- Erosion of autonomy: Over time, particularly since 2019, China has been accused of systematically dismantling these promised rights and freedoms.
- Key events: The 2019 extradition bill protests and the 2020 National Security Law are frequently cited as key moments where China's influence significantly curtailed freedoms in Hong Kong.
- Criticism: Critics argue that the National Security Law has made it easier for Beijing to clamp down on dissent, arrests, and free speech.
- Official statements: China has stated that the "one country, two systems" principle will not change after 2047.