https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2020-03-30/doc-iimxxsth2570227.shtml
一只口罩告诉你 为什么欧美都要求助中国
2020年03月30日 09:54 观察者网
2,037
[文/科工力量专栏作者 陈辰]
最近全球疫情局势可谓“一浪接一浪”。目前中国基本控制住了疫情，但在韩国、伊朗之后，欧洲和美国却开始迅速蔓延。
其中，欧洲已经乱成了一锅粥：
意大利、丹麦、法国等先后效仿中国“封城”；英国在希望于“群体免疫”后终于克制不住，宣布全境“封城”。德国呢，一边“弃疗”一边趁火打劫。尽管默克尔说疫情是二战以来最大挑战，但仍有年轻人在“派对”。
在疫情期间，首当其冲宣扬要“自由与民主”的美国，也宣告进入“国家紧急状态”管控疫情，同时禁止欧洲申根区26个国家人员入境。目前，美国已成为全球确诊人数最多的国家，至少有八个州宣布“居家隔离令”，影响超过1亿人口。
3月13日，美国总统特朗普宣布美国进入“国家紧急状态”。图/海外网
大难临头各自飞，经常称兄道弟的欧美国家各打着算盘。同时，他们对中国“抗疫”措施的“话风”开始突变：从原来的指指点点、抹黑质疑到效仿学习、虚心请教。
尤其疫情较严重的意大利、西班牙、塞尔维亚和挪威等国，在明确欧盟兄弟靠不住后，纷纷公开向中国求助。其中塞尔维亚总统武契奇求援时，更是潸然泪下。
而中国在对意大利首先“以恩报恩”、援助非洲以及东南亚等地后，也向欧洲多国密集派出了多名医疗专家，以及运送口罩、防护服、呼吸机等大量救援物资。
但美国放不下这脸，同时唱起了“双簧”，一边喊着“中国病毒”，一边又说“美国需要中国的口罩”，同时将中国制造的医疗产品进口关税从25%降至零，试图再用资本主义的一套推动中方对美输出口罩。
那么，作为老牌发达国家，欧洲和美国造不出口罩吗？为什么会在小小的口罩问题上求助中国？我们具体来看一下。
01 纷纷打脸
口罩最早的雏形出现于元朝宫廷，用来遮住口鼻，以免呼出的气污染食物。这一点在《马克•波罗游记》中有记载。
19世纪末，随着西方医学发展以及制备技术升级，现代口罩开始应用于医护领域。到了一战后期，“西班牙流感”导致全世界5亿人感染、5000万人丧生。在全球恐慌下，口罩首次变成公众常备用品。
此后，在历次“大流感”、“SARS”、“埃博拉”以及空气污染等全球性的公共卫生事件中，口罩又扮演了预防和阻断病菌传播的重要角色，并在“SARS”等疫情中出现规模性短缺。
德国哲学家黑格尔曾说过一句话：人类从历史中学到的唯一教训，就是没有从历史中汲取任何教训。
尽管有多次前车之鉴，但欧美多国在疫情初期认为戴口罩与现代“民主与自由”存在一定冲突。于是，英国、法国、德国、意大利和美国政府发布的官方防疫手册，建议基本类似：不需要。
3月8日，在美国纽约时报广场，一名女子戴着口罩。图/新华社
童话王国——丹麦首相梅特•弗雷德里克森甚至曾直接公开发声，要求戴口罩和居家隔离是侵犯人权的行为。意大利人民最初更用抗议行动表示：要自由不要口罩！
在官方政策和一些世俗理念影响下，这些国家的公民即便有口罩，大部分也勇敢选择“不戴”。即便有的人心里很慌，但因为无法承受其他人的眼神“秒杀”或者怕“被打”，也放下了口罩。
不过，随着疫情殃及自身，并迅速扩散。欧美各国开始纷纷打脸，逐个宣布禁止口罩出口、封锁边境。一些国家甚至仗势欺人“抢劫”，或者偷摸“截胡”。
比如德国扣下瑞士24万只口罩以及意大利从中国采购的83万只口罩，法国拦截了英国数百万只口罩订单，而意大利对瑞士的一批消毒水也不放过。
在欧美各国相继放出“大招”后，全球“抢口罩”大战进一步升级。这导致欧盟多国之间已失去不少信任，同时市场也已经被严重扰乱。
世界卫生组织总干事谭德塞曾表示，全世界口罩等个人防护用品的需求量已是正常水平的100倍，价格则是正常水平的20倍。
目前，欧美多国政府出台了医疗物资紧急调配措施，重点确保医护人员拥有足够的口罩。但这个基本的诉求显然无法保障。
面对日益严峻的疫情，何以解忧？似乎唯有口罩产能。
02 产能虚脱
在美国，特朗普政府试图启动冷战时期用于朝鲜战争的《国防生产法案》，以命令美国企业完成口罩生产订单。为什么需要“命令”？
自一月疫情爆发以来，全美最大口罩制造商Prestige Ameritech几乎每天收到上百个订购电话或邮件，目前累计已收到超过15亿只口罩的订单。
但Prestige Ameritech公司并没有因此高兴，因为当前产能达到了最大负荷，也根本满足不了市场需求，而提高产能存在难以预知的风险。
Prestige Ameritech公司执行副总裁迈克•鲍文认为，如果再像十年前H1N1流感爆发时，迅速扩大生产而最终无用武之地，公司将可能再次走向破产境地。这透露出美国口罩制造商和政府不同的想法。
更为重要的是，近十多年来美国的口罩制造商及生产线正在不断缩减，医用口罩的供应从90%的美国生产变成了95%的海外生产。
其中，美国的3M、霍尼韦尔等知名口罩生产商将工厂几乎全部迁到中国市场，大约90%的口罩要从中国进口。
上海3M中国公司漕河泾工厂口罩生产线。图/新华社
在欧洲，虽然口罩企业数量不少，但产能基本上都不大。尽管各国政府要求企业“马力全开”，但其中的“焦虑”也与美国类似。
Dach公司是德国主要的口罩制造商之一。由于订单暴增，这家公司最近每天超负荷运转，出现了创立25年来从没有过的“盛况”。
然而，Dach公司的制造工厂其实主要在中国，而且已经组成了一条完整的口罩制造供应链：德国总部主要负责设计产品、仓库和物流，中国工厂主要负责原材料和生产，产品最终销往世界各地。
由于现在从中国来的口罩原料及成品短缺，Dach公司不得不做出改变，大幅提高了德国及其他地区工厂的生产能力。
在与德国接壤的捷克境内，医疗用品公司Respilo在疫情后的订单同样增加了10倍有余。
尽管Respilo公司生产的口罩一直只供应欧美市场，但通常的生产流程是：由捷克提供口罩生产的原料，在中国加工完成。
目前Respilon正考虑在捷克和以色列建立新的生产线，预计5月可投入生产，届时可日产70000只普通口罩、6000只医用口罩。
不过，这样的产能在巨大的需求下恐怕只是杯水车薪，另外等到5月投产或许“黄花菜已经快凉了”。
整体上，大部分欧美国家的口罩制造商都将生产线设了在中国，而本国产能有限。受疫情影响，一些制造商正考虑将生产线撤回本国或其他地区。
03 求助中国
撤回生产线显然并不容易。当初欧美国家将口罩生产线设在中国，除了基于市场因素考虑，中国拥有完整的口罩产业链因素至关重要。
21世纪初，随着中国加入世贸组织以及在“SARS”疫情后建立口罩相关标准，3M、霍尼韦尔等公司开始将工厂转移到中国。
后来，在中国经济快速发展以及产业链日益完善推动下，欧美口罩制造商不断加大将口罩等众多生产转移至中国。同时，国内口罩制造商不断涌现。
目前国内口罩产业链相关企业超过2万家，主要分布在华北和华东地区。那中国的产业链优势是如何体现出来？
发展到现在，口罩主要应用于医用和劳动防护两大专业领域。其中，医用口罩又分成普通医用、医用外科和医用防护三个等级。
构造方面，常见的医用口罩主要由表层抗湿层、中间过滤吸附层、内层贴肤层，以及耳带线、鼻梁金属条等部件组合而成。
图自网络
其中，医用口罩表层及内层大多为纺粘非织造布，而中间过滤吸附层包含一层或多层带有静电的熔喷非织造布，起到最核心的防护作用。
看似普通的口罩构件，同样拥有精巧复杂的产业链，大致分为以下四层：
上游为聚丙烯、橡胶等石化原材料，中上游是使用原材料生产熔喷无纺布等，中游是利用口罩机将无纺布制作成口罩，下游为医院、药店等终端客户。
在生产流程中，聚丙烯可能来自浙江的镇海炼化，这些原料在山东被加工成熔喷无纺布，然后再运输到河南，当地及全国其它地方再引进鼻梁条、挂耳绳等，最终制成口罩。
在设备方面，河南的口罩机可能来自东莞，而东莞的这些设备涉及到材料加工、电气控制、气动元件，很有可能要从长三角、珠三角购买超声波压焊、自动包装和消毒设备等。
不难发现，一只口罩的生产，涉及化工、纺织、机械、冶金、电子等基础工业门类，以及原材料、设备、厂房、资金、人力、准入许可、生产周期七大要素。
可以说，全世界只有中国才拥有最完整的口罩产业链、供应链和生产要素。中国去年生产了近50亿只口罩，占全球产能的50%以上。
而欧美国家要么口罩产业链不够完善，要么只瞄准金字塔“顶端”，导致特殊时期对快速整合提高产能“有心无力”。鉴于疫情愈演愈烈，一些国家不断开始向中国求助。
04 极致动员
即便拥有完整产业链的基础，如何让它们快速“碰撞”出高质、高效的口罩产品，这也考验着中国的国家和市场组织极致动员能力。
在原材料方面，熔喷布被称作口罩的“心脏”，但由于生产线的设备安装复杂、成本高、周期长，是提高口罩产能的首要瓶颈。
比如，2018年全国无纺布生产量约594万吨，但熔喷布的产量产量只有5.35万吨，日产量约为180吨。而且不仅用于口罩，还用于环境保护、服装、擦拭材料等。
疫情当前，中国石油化工研究院把研发口罩所需熔喷料、熔喷布作为重大政治任务，一周之内便完成了研发生产的一系列工作。
另外，熔喷布生产线国产设备的交货期通常要3至4个月。而中国石化旗下燕山石化接到任务后，600多人昼夜连续奋战，半个月内建成一座厂。
目前，中国石化、中国石油分别筹建10条、4条熔喷布生产线，预计4月全部建成投产后，日产量可分别达到18吨、7吨医用口罩熔喷布。
与此同时，国资委紧急推动加大医用口罩机等关键设备的研制生产，采用“多家企业、多种方案、多个路径”的模式攻关。
中国电子口罩生产线 图源：国资小新，下同
其中，广州国机智能等企业及其供应链成立了平面口罩机攻关组，仅用一个月时间生产出100台口罩机。
另外，航空工业集团研制出“1出2型”高端全自动口罩机。这台口罩机由共2365件零件组成，但只需简单培训便可实现单人操作，每天可产出100多万只口罩。
在国家发改委等三部委发文以及市场因素驱动下，自2月以来，全国口罩和呼吸防护相关企业新增6000多家，同比增速达1561%。
上汽通用五菱、富士康、比亚迪、格力、三枪、利郎、报喜鸟等大量零售、服务以及科技企业，都纷纷“跨界”转产口罩及口罩机等。
多家企业创出馋产能奇迹。五菱从想法提出到下线20万只医用口罩，仅仅用时3天，比亚迪在2月底达到惊人的日产500万只口罩。而格力前期报废了100多万元设备后，继续增加生产和口罩投放量。
至2月29日，中国口罩产量创下新高：全国口罩日产能达到1.1亿只，日产量达到1.16亿只，相比去年日均产能提升近10倍以上。目前已有效满足疫情防控需求。
至于国内有人担心疫情过后产能过剩的问题，国家发改委相关负责人明确表示，将由政府收储富余产量。不少企业也称，将根据供需变化做好再转产准备。
结语
疫情期间，医疗物资生产也是在与时间赛跑。小小一只口罩，其实关联产业链多个环节，涉及数百项产品，哪一环节出问题都会影响生产进度。
中国口罩产能“双亿”目标实现的关键，是以中国完善的工业体系、完备的上下游产业配套能力为支撑，全国上下齐心协力的“硬核复产”。
有趣的是，在中国众志成城抗“疫”、提高了口罩产能时，一些西方媒体无情渲染中国强制国内企业（含外资）将设备卖给政府。而后来又在表达“需要中国的口罩”同时质疑中国稿“口罩外交”。这是求人都还带着刺。
目前，中国已成为全世界唯一拥有联合国产业分类中所列全部工业门类的国家，总计666个工业门类，而且工业总产值在2011年已超过美国，位居全球第一。
实际上，中国与美国及部分欧洲国家在工业门类、产业链方面的差距不算很大，但只有中国实现口罩快速扩能、转产。其它国家为什么没有做到呢？
这其中还有核心的一点是，重大疫情当前，中国企业在口罩生产上具备不计成本投入的魄力、毅力和执行力。而一些资本主义国家面临政府和企业的部分摩擦，让企业生产口罩竟然需要动用《国防生产法案》。
基于完整产业链和国家统筹建设，“中国制造”在疫情中展现出强大危机应对能力和灵活性。这种实力也让日本学者惊呼：中国与美国一样，将是一个“绝对不可与之开战”的国家。
有所警示的是：1896年时美国的工业产值就超越了英国，但直到二战后才成为世界头号强国，其中用时接近五十年。时代已然骤变，但中国在工业升级的道路上仍然有一段距离。
一些现象也反映着见微知著的变化，在这场全球战“疫”中，人们可以发现：“美元”再强也变不了口罩等医疗物资，但“人民币”做到了。这引起了不少国家的思考和学习。
随着疫情在全球蔓延，中国更“逆势”支持医疗物资出口，已经向80多个国家提供口罩、试剂盒和防护服等产品，以实际行动落实大国担当，为全球防疫作出应有贡献。
A mask tells you why Europe and the United States are asking for help in China
March 30, 2020 09:54 Observer Network
2,037
[Artist / Technology Columnist Chen Chen]
The recent global epidemic situation can be described as "wave after wave." At present, China has basically controlled the epidemic, but after South Korea and Iran, Europe and the United States have begun to spread rapidly.
Among them, Europe has become a mess:
Italy, Denmark, France, etc. have followed the example of China's "citadel"; Britain hoped that it could not restrain it after "herd immunization" and announced the "citadel" across the country. In Germany, while "abandoning treatment", they are taking advantage of the fire. Although Merkel said the epidemic was the biggest challenge since World War II, young people were still "partying."
During the epidemic, the United States, which first advocated for "freedom and democracy," also declared a "national emergency" to control the epidemic, and at the same time barred 26 countries from Europe from entering the Schengen area. At present, the United States has become the country with the largest number of diagnoses in the world. At least eight states have announced "home isolation orders", affecting more than 100 million people.
On March 13, US President Trump announced that the United States has entered a "national emergency." Picture / Overseas Network
The distress was flying in its own way, and the European and American countries, often called brothers and sisters, had their own calculations. At the same time, their "talk" about China's "anti-epidemic" measures began to mutate: from the original pointing and discrediting to questioning, imitating learning, and asking modestly.
In particular, Italy, Spain, Serbia, and Norway, which are more severely infected, have openly turned to China for help after clarifying that the EU brothers cannot be trusted. Among them, Serbian President Vucic was crying when he asked for help.
中国 After China first paid tribute to Italy and assisted Africa and Southeast Asia, it also sent a large number of medical experts to many European countries and delivered a large number of rescue supplies such as masks, protective clothing, and ventilator.
But the United States could not let go of this face, and at the same time sang "Double Reed", shouting "Chinese virus" and at the same time saying "the United States needs Chinese masks", and at the same time reduced import tariffs on medical products made in China from 25% to zero. Attempting to use the set of capitalism to promote China's export of masks to the United States.
So, as the old developed countries, can't Europe and the United States make hoods? Why ask China for help on a small mask? Let's take a closer look.
01 Slapping
The earliest prototype of the mask appeared in the court of the Yuan Dynasty and was used to cover the nose and mouth to prevent the exhaled air from contaminating food. This is documented in The Travels of Mark Polo.
末 At the end of the 19th century, with the development of western medicine and the upgrading of preparation technology, modern masks began to be used in the field of medical care. By the end of World War I, the "Spanish flu" had infected 500 million people worldwide and killed 50 million people. For the first time in a global panic, masks have become public standing supplies.
Since then, masks have played an important role in preventing and blocking the spread of germs in global public health events such as "pandemic influenza", "SARS", "Ebola" and air pollution. There was a shortage of scale in the epidemic.
German philosopher Hegel once said: The only lesson humans have learned from history is that they have not learned any lessons from history.
Despite many lessons learned, many countries in Europe and the United States believed that wearing masks conflicted with modern "democracy and freedom" at the beginning of the epidemic. As a result, the official epidemic prevention manuals issued by the British, French, German, Italian, and US governments have basically the same recommendations: no need.
女子 On March 8, a woman wears a mask in Times Square, New York, USA. Photo / Xinhua News Agency
Fairy Tale Kingdom-Danish Prime Minister Mett Frederiksen has even directly voiced the demand that wearing masks and segregation at home is a violation of human rights. The Italian people initially expressed their protests: freedom and no masks!
Under the influence of official policies and some secular ideas, even if citizens in these countries have masks, most of them bravely choose not to wear them. Even if some people were panicking, they put down their masks because they couldn't bear the eyes of others, "spikes" or were afraid of being beaten.
However, as the epidemic spread to itself and spread rapidly. Europe and the United States have begun to face each other, one by one announced the ban on the export of masks, blockade the border. Some countries even bully others into "robbing" or sneaking into "cutting the beard".
For example, Germany deducted 240,000 masks from Switzerland and 830,000 masks purchased from China from France, France intercepted orders for millions of masks from Britain, and Italy did not let go of a batch of disinfectant water from Switzerland.
After the "big moves" were successively released in Europe and the United States, the global "mask grab" war has further escalated. This has caused a lot of trust among the EU countries, and the market has been severely disrupted.
总 World Health Organization Director-General Tan Desai once said that the world ’s demand for personal protective equipment such as masks is 100 times the normal level, and the price is 20 times the normal level.
At present, the governments of many countries in Europe and the United States have introduced emergency deployment measures for medical supplies, focusing on ensuring that medical personnel have sufficient masks. But this basic demand is obviously not guaranteed.
In the face of an increasingly severe epidemic, how can you solve your worries? It seems that only mask production capacity.
02 Production capacity collapse
In the United States, the Trump administration is trying to start the National Defense Production Act for the Korean War during the Cold War to order American companies to complete orders for the production of masks. Why do we need "commands"?
以来 Since the outbreak in January, Prestige Ameritech, the nation ’s largest mask manufacturer, has received hundreds of phone calls or emails every day, and has now received orders for more than 1.5 billion masks.
But Prestige Ameritech is not happy because the current capacity has reached the maximum load, and it cannot meet the market demand at all, and there is an unpredictable risk of increasing the capacity.
鲍 Prestige Ameritech executive vice president Mike Bowen believes that if the H1N1 flu outbreak ten years ago, the rapid expansion of production and ultimately useless, the company will likely go bankrupt again. This reveals different ideas among US mask makers and the government.
More importantly, mask manufacturers and production lines in the United States have been shrinking for more than a decade. The supply of medical masks has changed from 90% of American production to 95% of overseas production.
Among them, well-known mask manufacturers such as 3M in the United States and Honeywell relocated their factories to the Chinese market. About 90% of masks are imported from China.
口 Shanghai 3M China Co., Ltd.'s mask production line in Luohe's factory. Photo / Xinhua News Agency
In Europe, although there are many mask companies, the production capacity is basically small. Although governments require companies to "full horsepower", the "anxiety" is similar to the United States.
AchDach is one of Germany's major mask manufacturers. Due to the surge in orders, the company has recently been overloaded every day, and there has been a "grand occasion" that has never been seen in 25 years of establishment.
However, Dach's manufacturing plants are actually mainly in China, and have formed a complete mask manufacturing supply chain: the German headquarters is mainly responsible for designing products, warehouses and logistics, and the Chinese factories are mainly responsible for raw materials and production.
Due to the shortage of mask raw materials and finished products from China, Dach Company had to make changes to greatly increase the production capacity of factories in Germany and other regions.
In the Czech Republic bordering Germany, orders for medical supplies company Respilo have also increased more than tenfold since the outbreak.
Although the masks produced by Respilo have always been supplied to the European and American markets, the usual production process is: The Czech Republic provides raw materials for mask production and is processed in China.
At present, Respilon is considering the establishment of new production lines in the Czech Republic and Israel. It is expected to be put into production in May, when it can produce 70,000 ordinary masks and 6,000 medical masks.
However, under such huge demand, I am afraid that this production capacity is just a drop in the bucket. In addition, it may be that “daylily is almost cold” when it is put into production in May.
Overall, mask manufacturers in most European and American countries have set up production lines in China, and domestic production capacity is limited. Affected by the epidemic, some manufacturers are considering withdrawing production lines to their home countries or other regions.
03 Help China
Obviously, withdrawing the production line is not easy. At first, European and American countries set up mask production lines in China. In addition to market considerations, it is important that China has a complete mask industry chain.
初 In the early 21st century, with China's entry into the WTO and the establishment of mask-related standards after the "SARS" epidemic, companies such as 3M and Honeywell began to move factories to China.
Later, driven by the rapid development of China's economy and the increasingly perfect industrial chain, mask manufacturers in Europe and the United States continued to increase the transfer of masks and other production to China. At the same time, domestic mask manufacturers are constantly emerging.
At present, there are more than 20,000 domestic mask industry chain-related companies, mainly in North and East China. How does China's industrial chain advantage manifest itself?
Until now, masks are mainly used in medical and labor protection. Among them, medical masks are divided into three levels of general medical, medical surgery and medical protection.
In terms of structure, common medical masks are mainly composed of a combination of a surface moisture-resistant layer, an intermediate filter adsorption layer, an inner skin layer, and earband lines and metal bridges of the nose bridge.
Figure from the network
Among them, the surface layer and inner layer of medical masks are mostly spunbond non-woven fabrics, and the intermediate filter adsorption layer contains one or more layers of electrostatically blown non-woven fabrics, which play the core protective role.
The seemingly ordinary mask component also has a delicate and complex industrial chain, which is roughly divided into the following four layers:
Upstream is polypropylene, rubber and other petrochemical raw materials. Midstream and upstream are using raw materials to produce meltblown non-woven fabrics. Midstream is using mask machines to make non-woven fabrics into masks. Downstream is hospitals, drug stores and other end customers.
In the production process, polypropylene may come from Zhenhai Refinery of Zhejiang Province. These raw materials are processed into meltblown non-woven fabrics in Shandong and then transported to Henan. The nose bridges and ear ropes are introduced locally and elsewhere in the country. Make a mask.
In terms of equipment, Henan's mask machines may come from Dongguan, and these equipment in Dongguan involves material processing, electrical control, and pneumatic components. It is likely that ultrasonic pressure welding, automatic packaging and disinfection equipment will be purchased from the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.
It is not difficult to find that the production of a mask involves basic industrial categories such as chemical industry, textiles, machinery, metallurgy, and electronics, as well as seven major elements of raw materials, equipment, plant, capital, manpower, access permits, and production cycle.
It can be said that only China in the world has the most complete mask industry chain, supply chain and production factors. China produced nearly 5 billion masks last year, accounting for more than 50% of global production capacity.
欧美 Even in Europe and America, the mask industry chain is not perfect, or they are only aiming at the “top” of the pyramid, which leads to “difficulty” in rapid integration and increasing production capacity in special periods. In view of the intensification of the epidemic, some countries have begun to ask China for help.
04 Extreme Mobilization
Even if they have the foundation of a complete industrial chain, how to make them quickly "crash" into high-quality and efficient mask products, which also tests the extreme mobilization ability of China's national and market organizations.
In terms of raw materials, meltblown cloth is called the "heart" of masks, but because of the complicated installation, high cost and long cycle of equipment in the production line, it is the primary bottleneck to increase the productivity of masks.
For example, in 2018, the national non-woven fabric production was about 5.94 million tons, but the output of meltblown cloth was only 53,500 tons, and the daily output was about 180 tons. And not only for masks, but also for environmental protection, clothing, wiping materials, etc.
Epidemic situation At present, China Petroleum and Chemical Research Institute has taken melt-blown materials and melt-blown cloths required for the development of masks as a major political task, and completed a series of research and development and production within one week.
In addition, the delivery time of domestic equipment for meltblown cloth production line usually takes 3 to 4 months. After receiving the mission, more than 600 people of Sinopec Yanshan Petrochemical fought day and night and built a factory within half a month.
At present, Sinopec and PetroChina are preparing to build 10 and 4 meltblown cloth production lines respectively. It is estimated that after they are all completed and put into operation in April, the daily output will reach 18 tons and 7 tons of medical mask meltblown cloth, respectively.
At the same time, the SASAC urgently promoted the development and production of key equipment such as medical mask machines, and adopted the model of "multiple enterprises, multiple schemes, and multiple paths" to tackle key problems.
China's electronic mask production line Source: Small state-owned, the same below
Among them, Guangzhou SINOMACH and other companies and their supply chain set up a plane mask machine research team, which only produced 100 mask machines in one month.
In addition, Aviation Industry Group has developed a "1 out 2" high-end fully automatic mask machine. This mask machine consists of a total of 2365 parts, but it can be operated by a single person with only simple training, and can produce more than 1 million masks per day.
Driven by the documents issued by three ministries and commissions such as the National Development and Reform Commission and market factors, since February, more than 6,000 mask and respiratory protection-related companies have been added nationwide, a year-on-year growth rate of 1561%.
大量 A large number of retail, service, and technology companies such as SAIC-GM-Wuling, Foxconn, BYD, Gree, Sangun, Lilang, and Baojun Bird have all "cross-border" converted masks and mask machines.
Many companies have created a miracle of production capacity. It took Wuling from the idea to 200,000 medical masks offline in just 3 days. BYD reached an amazing 5 million masks per day at the end of February. After Gree scrapped more than 1 million yuan of equipment in the previous period, it continued to increase production and mask input.
Until February 29, China's mask production reached a new high: the national daily production capacity of masks reached 110 million pieces, and the daily output reached 116 million pieces, which was nearly 10 times higher than the average daily production capacity last year. At present, the needs for epidemic prevention and control have been effectively met.
As for some people in China who are worried about the problem of overcapacity after the epidemic, the relevant person in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission made it clear that the government will collect and store surplus output. Many companies also said that they will be ready to re-produce according to changes in supply and demand.
Concluding remarks
During the epidemic, the production of medical supplies was also racing against time. A small mask is actually connected to multiple links in the industrial chain and involves hundreds of products. Whichever link fails will affect the production progress.
的 The key to the realization of the "double billion" goal of China's mask production capacity is the "hard core resumption" supported by China's comprehensive industrial system and complete upstream and downstream industry supporting capabilities.
It is interesting to note that when China ’s nations were fighting against the “epidemic” and increased their mask production capacity, some Western media relentlessly rendered China compelled domestic companies (including foreign capital) to sell equipment to the government. Later, while expressing "the need for Chinese masks", he also questioned the Chinese draft "mask diplomacy." This is asking people with thorns.
At present, China has become the only country in the world with all the industrial categories listed in the United Nations Industrial Classification, with a total of 666 industrial categories, and the total industrial output value has surpassed the United States in 2011, ranking first in the world.
In fact, China and the United States and some
一只口罩告诉你 为什么欧美都要求助中国
2020年03月30日 09:54 观察者网
2,037
[文/科工力量专栏作者 陈辰]
最近全球疫情局势可谓“一浪接一浪”。目前中国基本控制住了疫情，但在韩国、伊朗之后，欧洲和美国却开始迅速蔓延。
其中，欧洲已经乱成了一锅粥：
意大利、丹麦、法国等先后效仿中国“封城”；英国在希望于“群体免疫”后终于克制不住，宣布全境“封城”。德国呢，一边“弃疗”一边趁火打劫。尽管默克尔说疫情是二战以来最大挑战，但仍有年轻人在“派对”。
在疫情期间，首当其冲宣扬要“自由与民主”的美国，也宣告进入“国家紧急状态”管控疫情，同时禁止欧洲申根区26个国家人员入境。目前，美国已成为全球确诊人数最多的国家，至少有八个州宣布“居家隔离令”，影响超过1亿人口。
3月13日，美国总统特朗普宣布美国进入“国家紧急状态”。图/海外网
大难临头各自飞，经常称兄道弟的欧美国家各打着算盘。同时，他们对中国“抗疫”措施的“话风”开始突变：从原来的指指点点、抹黑质疑到效仿学习、虚心请教。
尤其疫情较严重的意大利、西班牙、塞尔维亚和挪威等国，在明确欧盟兄弟靠不住后，纷纷公开向中国求助。其中塞尔维亚总统武契奇求援时，更是潸然泪下。
而中国在对意大利首先“以恩报恩”、援助非洲以及东南亚等地后，也向欧洲多国密集派出了多名医疗专家，以及运送口罩、防护服、呼吸机等大量救援物资。
但美国放不下这脸，同时唱起了“双簧”，一边喊着“中国病毒”，一边又说“美国需要中国的口罩”，同时将中国制造的医疗产品进口关税从25%降至零，试图再用资本主义的一套推动中方对美输出口罩。
那么，作为老牌发达国家，欧洲和美国造不出口罩吗？为什么会在小小的口罩问题上求助中国？我们具体来看一下。
01 纷纷打脸
口罩最早的雏形出现于元朝宫廷，用来遮住口鼻，以免呼出的气污染食物。这一点在《马克•波罗游记》中有记载。
19世纪末，随着西方医学发展以及制备技术升级，现代口罩开始应用于医护领域。到了一战后期，“西班牙流感”导致全世界5亿人感染、5000万人丧生。在全球恐慌下，口罩首次变成公众常备用品。
此后，在历次“大流感”、“SARS”、“埃博拉”以及空气污染等全球性的公共卫生事件中，口罩又扮演了预防和阻断病菌传播的重要角色，并在“SARS”等疫情中出现规模性短缺。
德国哲学家黑格尔曾说过一句话：人类从历史中学到的唯一教训，就是没有从历史中汲取任何教训。
尽管有多次前车之鉴，但欧美多国在疫情初期认为戴口罩与现代“民主与自由”存在一定冲突。于是，英国、法国、德国、意大利和美国政府发布的官方防疫手册，建议基本类似：不需要。
3月8日，在美国纽约时报广场，一名女子戴着口罩。图/新华社
童话王国——丹麦首相梅特•弗雷德里克森甚至曾直接公开发声，要求戴口罩和居家隔离是侵犯人权的行为。意大利人民最初更用抗议行动表示：要自由不要口罩！
在官方政策和一些世俗理念影响下，这些国家的公民即便有口罩，大部分也勇敢选择“不戴”。即便有的人心里很慌，但因为无法承受其他人的眼神“秒杀”或者怕“被打”，也放下了口罩。
不过，随着疫情殃及自身，并迅速扩散。欧美各国开始纷纷打脸，逐个宣布禁止口罩出口、封锁边境。一些国家甚至仗势欺人“抢劫”，或者偷摸“截胡”。
比如德国扣下瑞士24万只口罩以及意大利从中国采购的83万只口罩，法国拦截了英国数百万只口罩订单，而意大利对瑞士的一批消毒水也不放过。
在欧美各国相继放出“大招”后，全球“抢口罩”大战进一步升级。这导致欧盟多国之间已失去不少信任，同时市场也已经被严重扰乱。
世界卫生组织总干事谭德塞曾表示，全世界口罩等个人防护用品的需求量已是正常水平的100倍，价格则是正常水平的20倍。
目前，欧美多国政府出台了医疗物资紧急调配措施，重点确保医护人员拥有足够的口罩。但这个基本的诉求显然无法保障。
面对日益严峻的疫情，何以解忧？似乎唯有口罩产能。
02 产能虚脱
在美国，特朗普政府试图启动冷战时期用于朝鲜战争的《国防生产法案》，以命令美国企业完成口罩生产订单。为什么需要“命令”？
自一月疫情爆发以来，全美最大口罩制造商Prestige Ameritech几乎每天收到上百个订购电话或邮件，目前累计已收到超过15亿只口罩的订单。
但Prestige Ameritech公司并没有因此高兴，因为当前产能达到了最大负荷，也根本满足不了市场需求，而提高产能存在难以预知的风险。
Prestige Ameritech公司执行副总裁迈克•鲍文认为，如果再像十年前H1N1流感爆发时，迅速扩大生产而最终无用武之地，公司将可能再次走向破产境地。这透露出美国口罩制造商和政府不同的想法。
更为重要的是，近十多年来美国的口罩制造商及生产线正在不断缩减，医用口罩的供应从90%的美国生产变成了95%的海外生产。
其中，美国的3M、霍尼韦尔等知名口罩生产商将工厂几乎全部迁到中国市场，大约90%的口罩要从中国进口。
上海3M中国公司漕河泾工厂口罩生产线。图/新华社
在欧洲，虽然口罩企业数量不少，但产能基本上都不大。尽管各国政府要求企业“马力全开”，但其中的“焦虑”也与美国类似。
Dach公司是德国主要的口罩制造商之一。由于订单暴增，这家公司最近每天超负荷运转，出现了创立25年来从没有过的“盛况”。
然而，Dach公司的制造工厂其实主要在中国，而且已经组成了一条完整的口罩制造供应链：德国总部主要负责设计产品、仓库和物流，中国工厂主要负责原材料和生产，产品最终销往世界各地。
由于现在从中国来的口罩原料及成品短缺，Dach公司不得不做出改变，大幅提高了德国及其他地区工厂的生产能力。
在与德国接壤的捷克境内，医疗用品公司Respilo在疫情后的订单同样增加了10倍有余。
尽管Respilo公司生产的口罩一直只供应欧美市场，但通常的生产流程是：由捷克提供口罩生产的原料，在中国加工完成。
目前Respilon正考虑在捷克和以色列建立新的生产线，预计5月可投入生产，届时可日产70000只普通口罩、6000只医用口罩。
不过，这样的产能在巨大的需求下恐怕只是杯水车薪，另外等到5月投产或许“黄花菜已经快凉了”。
整体上，大部分欧美国家的口罩制造商都将生产线设了在中国，而本国产能有限。受疫情影响，一些制造商正考虑将生产线撤回本国或其他地区。
03 求助中国
撤回生产线显然并不容易。当初欧美国家将口罩生产线设在中国，除了基于市场因素考虑，中国拥有完整的口罩产业链因素至关重要。
21世纪初，随着中国加入世贸组织以及在“SARS”疫情后建立口罩相关标准，3M、霍尼韦尔等公司开始将工厂转移到中国。
后来，在中国经济快速发展以及产业链日益完善推动下，欧美口罩制造商不断加大将口罩等众多生产转移至中国。同时，国内口罩制造商不断涌现。
目前国内口罩产业链相关企业超过2万家，主要分布在华北和华东地区。那中国的产业链优势是如何体现出来？
发展到现在，口罩主要应用于医用和劳动防护两大专业领域。其中，医用口罩又分成普通医用、医用外科和医用防护三个等级。
构造方面，常见的医用口罩主要由表层抗湿层、中间过滤吸附层、内层贴肤层，以及耳带线、鼻梁金属条等部件组合而成。
图自网络
其中，医用口罩表层及内层大多为纺粘非织造布，而中间过滤吸附层包含一层或多层带有静电的熔喷非织造布，起到最核心的防护作用。
看似普通的口罩构件，同样拥有精巧复杂的产业链，大致分为以下四层：
上游为聚丙烯、橡胶等石化原材料，中上游是使用原材料生产熔喷无纺布等，中游是利用口罩机将无纺布制作成口罩，下游为医院、药店等终端客户。
在生产流程中，聚丙烯可能来自浙江的镇海炼化，这些原料在山东被加工成熔喷无纺布，然后再运输到河南，当地及全国其它地方再引进鼻梁条、挂耳绳等，最终制成口罩。
在设备方面，河南的口罩机可能来自东莞，而东莞的这些设备涉及到材料加工、电气控制、气动元件，很有可能要从长三角、珠三角购买超声波压焊、自动包装和消毒设备等。
不难发现，一只口罩的生产，涉及化工、纺织、机械、冶金、电子等基础工业门类，以及原材料、设备、厂房、资金、人力、准入许可、生产周期七大要素。
可以说，全世界只有中国才拥有最完整的口罩产业链、供应链和生产要素。中国去年生产了近50亿只口罩，占全球产能的50%以上。
而欧美国家要么口罩产业链不够完善，要么只瞄准金字塔“顶端”，导致特殊时期对快速整合提高产能“有心无力”。鉴于疫情愈演愈烈，一些国家不断开始向中国求助。
04 极致动员
即便拥有完整产业链的基础，如何让它们快速“碰撞”出高质、高效的口罩产品，这也考验着中国的国家和市场组织极致动员能力。
在原材料方面，熔喷布被称作口罩的“心脏”，但由于生产线的设备安装复杂、成本高、周期长，是提高口罩产能的首要瓶颈。
比如，2018年全国无纺布生产量约594万吨，但熔喷布的产量产量只有5.35万吨，日产量约为180吨。而且不仅用于口罩，还用于环境保护、服装、擦拭材料等。
疫情当前，中国石油化工研究院把研发口罩所需熔喷料、熔喷布作为重大政治任务，一周之内便完成了研发生产的一系列工作。
另外，熔喷布生产线国产设备的交货期通常要3至4个月。而中国石化旗下燕山石化接到任务后，600多人昼夜连续奋战，半个月内建成一座厂。
目前，中国石化、中国石油分别筹建10条、4条熔喷布生产线，预计4月全部建成投产后，日产量可分别达到18吨、7吨医用口罩熔喷布。
与此同时，国资委紧急推动加大医用口罩机等关键设备的研制生产，采用“多家企业、多种方案、多个路径”的模式攻关。
中国电子口罩生产线 图源：国资小新，下同
其中，广州国机智能等企业及其供应链成立了平面口罩机攻关组，仅用一个月时间生产出100台口罩机。
另外，航空工业集团研制出“1出2型”高端全自动口罩机。这台口罩机由共2365件零件组成，但只需简单培训便可实现单人操作，每天可产出100多万只口罩。
在国家发改委等三部委发文以及市场因素驱动下，自2月以来，全国口罩和呼吸防护相关企业新增6000多家，同比增速达1561%。
上汽通用五菱、富士康、比亚迪、格力、三枪、利郎、报喜鸟等大量零售、服务以及科技企业，都纷纷“跨界”转产口罩及口罩机等。
多家企业创出馋产能奇迹。五菱从想法提出到下线20万只医用口罩，仅仅用时3天，比亚迪在2月底达到惊人的日产500万只口罩。而格力前期报废了100多万元设备后，继续增加生产和口罩投放量。
至2月29日，中国口罩产量创下新高：全国口罩日产能达到1.1亿只，日产量达到1.16亿只，相比去年日均产能提升近10倍以上。目前已有效满足疫情防控需求。
至于国内有人担心疫情过后产能过剩的问题，国家发改委相关负责人明确表示，将由政府收储富余产量。不少企业也称，将根据供需变化做好再转产准备。
结语
疫情期间，医疗物资生产也是在与时间赛跑。小小一只口罩，其实关联产业链多个环节，涉及数百项产品，哪一环节出问题都会影响生产进度。
中国口罩产能“双亿”目标实现的关键，是以中国完善的工业体系、完备的上下游产业配套能力为支撑，全国上下齐心协力的“硬核复产”。
有趣的是，在中国众志成城抗“疫”、提高了口罩产能时，一些西方媒体无情渲染中国强制国内企业（含外资）将设备卖给政府。而后来又在表达“需要中国的口罩”同时质疑中国稿“口罩外交”。这是求人都还带着刺。
目前，中国已成为全世界唯一拥有联合国产业分类中所列全部工业门类的国家，总计666个工业门类，而且工业总产值在2011年已超过美国，位居全球第一。
实际上，中国与美国及部分欧洲国家在工业门类、产业链方面的差距不算很大，但只有中国实现口罩快速扩能、转产。其它国家为什么没有做到呢？
这其中还有核心的一点是，重大疫情当前，中国企业在口罩生产上具备不计成本投入的魄力、毅力和执行力。而一些资本主义国家面临政府和企业的部分摩擦，让企业生产口罩竟然需要动用《国防生产法案》。
基于完整产业链和国家统筹建设，“中国制造”在疫情中展现出强大危机应对能力和灵活性。这种实力也让日本学者惊呼：中国与美国一样，将是一个“绝对不可与之开战”的国家。
有所警示的是：1896年时美国的工业产值就超越了英国，但直到二战后才成为世界头号强国，其中用时接近五十年。时代已然骤变，但中国在工业升级的道路上仍然有一段距离。
一些现象也反映着见微知著的变化，在这场全球战“疫”中，人们可以发现：“美元”再强也变不了口罩等医疗物资，但“人民币”做到了。这引起了不少国家的思考和学习。
随着疫情在全球蔓延，中国更“逆势”支持医疗物资出口，已经向80多个国家提供口罩、试剂盒和防护服等产品，以实际行动落实大国担当，为全球防疫作出应有贡献。
A mask tells you why Europe and the United States are asking for help in China
March 30, 2020 09:54 Observer Network
2,037
[Artist / Technology Columnist Chen Chen]
The recent global epidemic situation can be described as "wave after wave." At present, China has basically controlled the epidemic, but after South Korea and Iran, Europe and the United States have begun to spread rapidly.
Among them, Europe has become a mess:
Italy, Denmark, France, etc. have followed the example of China's "citadel"; Britain hoped that it could not restrain it after "herd immunization" and announced the "citadel" across the country. In Germany, while "abandoning treatment", they are taking advantage of the fire. Although Merkel said the epidemic was the biggest challenge since World War II, young people were still "partying."
During the epidemic, the United States, which first advocated for "freedom and democracy," also declared a "national emergency" to control the epidemic, and at the same time barred 26 countries from Europe from entering the Schengen area. At present, the United States has become the country with the largest number of diagnoses in the world. At least eight states have announced "home isolation orders", affecting more than 100 million people.
On March 13, US President Trump announced that the United States has entered a "national emergency." Picture / Overseas Network
The distress was flying in its own way, and the European and American countries, often called brothers and sisters, had their own calculations. At the same time, their "talk" about China's "anti-epidemic" measures began to mutate: from the original pointing and discrediting to questioning, imitating learning, and asking modestly.
In particular, Italy, Spain, Serbia, and Norway, which are more severely infected, have openly turned to China for help after clarifying that the EU brothers cannot be trusted. Among them, Serbian President Vucic was crying when he asked for help.
中国 After China first paid tribute to Italy and assisted Africa and Southeast Asia, it also sent a large number of medical experts to many European countries and delivered a large number of rescue supplies such as masks, protective clothing, and ventilator.
But the United States could not let go of this face, and at the same time sang "Double Reed", shouting "Chinese virus" and at the same time saying "the United States needs Chinese masks", and at the same time reduced import tariffs on medical products made in China from 25% to zero. Attempting to use the set of capitalism to promote China's export of masks to the United States.
So, as the old developed countries, can't Europe and the United States make hoods? Why ask China for help on a small mask? Let's take a closer look.
01 Slapping
The earliest prototype of the mask appeared in the court of the Yuan Dynasty and was used to cover the nose and mouth to prevent the exhaled air from contaminating food. This is documented in The Travels of Mark Polo.
末 At the end of the 19th century, with the development of western medicine and the upgrading of preparation technology, modern masks began to be used in the field of medical care. By the end of World War I, the "Spanish flu" had infected 500 million people worldwide and killed 50 million people. For the first time in a global panic, masks have become public standing supplies.
Since then, masks have played an important role in preventing and blocking the spread of germs in global public health events such as "pandemic influenza", "SARS", "Ebola" and air pollution. There was a shortage of scale in the epidemic.
German philosopher Hegel once said: The only lesson humans have learned from history is that they have not learned any lessons from history.
Despite many lessons learned, many countries in Europe and the United States believed that wearing masks conflicted with modern "democracy and freedom" at the beginning of the epidemic. As a result, the official epidemic prevention manuals issued by the British, French, German, Italian, and US governments have basically the same recommendations: no need.
女子 On March 8, a woman wears a mask in Times Square, New York, USA. Photo / Xinhua News Agency
Fairy Tale Kingdom-Danish Prime Minister Mett Frederiksen has even directly voiced the demand that wearing masks and segregation at home is a violation of human rights. The Italian people initially expressed their protests: freedom and no masks!
Under the influence of official policies and some secular ideas, even if citizens in these countries have masks, most of them bravely choose not to wear them. Even if some people were panicking, they put down their masks because they couldn't bear the eyes of others, "spikes" or were afraid of being beaten.
However, as the epidemic spread to itself and spread rapidly. Europe and the United States have begun to face each other, one by one announced the ban on the export of masks, blockade the border. Some countries even bully others into "robbing" or sneaking into "cutting the beard".
For example, Germany deducted 240,000 masks from Switzerland and 830,000 masks purchased from China from France, France intercepted orders for millions of masks from Britain, and Italy did not let go of a batch of disinfectant water from Switzerland.
After the "big moves" were successively released in Europe and the United States, the global "mask grab" war has further escalated. This has caused a lot of trust among the EU countries, and the market has been severely disrupted.
总 World Health Organization Director-General Tan Desai once said that the world ’s demand for personal protective equipment such as masks is 100 times the normal level, and the price is 20 times the normal level.
At present, the governments of many countries in Europe and the United States have introduced emergency deployment measures for medical supplies, focusing on ensuring that medical personnel have sufficient masks. But this basic demand is obviously not guaranteed.
In the face of an increasingly severe epidemic, how can you solve your worries? It seems that only mask production capacity.
02 Production capacity collapse
In the United States, the Trump administration is trying to start the National Defense Production Act for the Korean War during the Cold War to order American companies to complete orders for the production of masks. Why do we need "commands"?
以来 Since the outbreak in January, Prestige Ameritech, the nation ’s largest mask manufacturer, has received hundreds of phone calls or emails every day, and has now received orders for more than 1.5 billion masks.
But Prestige Ameritech is not happy because the current capacity has reached the maximum load, and it cannot meet the market demand at all, and there is an unpredictable risk of increasing the capacity.
鲍 Prestige Ameritech executive vice president Mike Bowen believes that if the H1N1 flu outbreak ten years ago, the rapid expansion of production and ultimately useless, the company will likely go bankrupt again. This reveals different ideas among US mask makers and the government.
More importantly, mask manufacturers and production lines in the United States have been shrinking for more than a decade. The supply of medical masks has changed from 90% of American production to 95% of overseas production.
Among them, well-known mask manufacturers such as 3M in the United States and Honeywell relocated their factories to the Chinese market. About 90% of masks are imported from China.
口 Shanghai 3M China Co., Ltd.'s mask production line in Luohe's factory. Photo / Xinhua News Agency
In Europe, although there are many mask companies, the production capacity is basically small. Although governments require companies to "full horsepower", the "anxiety" is similar to the United States.
AchDach is one of Germany's major mask manufacturers. Due to the surge in orders, the company has recently been overloaded every day, and there has been a "grand occasion" that has never been seen in 25 years of establishment.
However, Dach's manufacturing plants are actually mainly in China, and have formed a complete mask manufacturing supply chain: the German headquarters is mainly responsible for designing products, warehouses and logistics, and the Chinese factories are mainly responsible for raw materials and production.
Due to the shortage of mask raw materials and finished products from China, Dach Company had to make changes to greatly increase the production capacity of factories in Germany and other regions.
In the Czech Republic bordering Germany, orders for medical supplies company Respilo have also increased more than tenfold since the outbreak.
Although the masks produced by Respilo have always been supplied to the European and American markets, the usual production process is: The Czech Republic provides raw materials for mask production and is processed in China.
At present, Respilon is considering the establishment of new production lines in the Czech Republic and Israel. It is expected to be put into production in May, when it can produce 70,000 ordinary masks and 6,000 medical masks.
However, under such huge demand, I am afraid that this production capacity is just a drop in the bucket. In addition, it may be that “daylily is almost cold” when it is put into production in May.
Overall, mask manufacturers in most European and American countries have set up production lines in China, and domestic production capacity is limited. Affected by the epidemic, some manufacturers are considering withdrawing production lines to their home countries or other regions.
03 Help China
Obviously, withdrawing the production line is not easy. At first, European and American countries set up mask production lines in China. In addition to market considerations, it is important that China has a complete mask industry chain.
初 In the early 21st century, with China's entry into the WTO and the establishment of mask-related standards after the "SARS" epidemic, companies such as 3M and Honeywell began to move factories to China.
Later, driven by the rapid development of China's economy and the increasingly perfect industrial chain, mask manufacturers in Europe and the United States continued to increase the transfer of masks and other production to China. At the same time, domestic mask manufacturers are constantly emerging.
At present, there are more than 20,000 domestic mask industry chain-related companies, mainly in North and East China. How does China's industrial chain advantage manifest itself?
Until now, masks are mainly used in medical and labor protection. Among them, medical masks are divided into three levels of general medical, medical surgery and medical protection.
In terms of structure, common medical masks are mainly composed of a combination of a surface moisture-resistant layer, an intermediate filter adsorption layer, an inner skin layer, and earband lines and metal bridges of the nose bridge.
Figure from the network
Among them, the surface layer and inner layer of medical masks are mostly spunbond non-woven fabrics, and the intermediate filter adsorption layer contains one or more layers of electrostatically blown non-woven fabrics, which play the core protective role.
The seemingly ordinary mask component also has a delicate and complex industrial chain, which is roughly divided into the following four layers:
Upstream is polypropylene, rubber and other petrochemical raw materials. Midstream and upstream are using raw materials to produce meltblown non-woven fabrics. Midstream is using mask machines to make non-woven fabrics into masks. Downstream is hospitals, drug stores and other end customers.
In the production process, polypropylene may come from Zhenhai Refinery of Zhejiang Province. These raw materials are processed into meltblown non-woven fabrics in Shandong and then transported to Henan. The nose bridges and ear ropes are introduced locally and elsewhere in the country. Make a mask.
In terms of equipment, Henan's mask machines may come from Dongguan, and these equipment in Dongguan involves material processing, electrical control, and pneumatic components. It is likely that ultrasonic pressure welding, automatic packaging and disinfection equipment will be purchased from the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.
It is not difficult to find that the production of a mask involves basic industrial categories such as chemical industry, textiles, machinery, metallurgy, and electronics, as well as seven major elements of raw materials, equipment, plant, capital, manpower, access permits, and production cycle.
It can be said that only China in the world has the most complete mask industry chain, supply chain and production factors. China produced nearly 5 billion masks last year, accounting for more than 50% of global production capacity.
欧美 Even in Europe and America, the mask industry chain is not perfect, or they are only aiming at the “top” of the pyramid, which leads to “difficulty” in rapid integration and increasing production capacity in special periods. In view of the intensification of the epidemic, some countries have begun to ask China for help.
04 Extreme Mobilization
Even if they have the foundation of a complete industrial chain, how to make them quickly "crash" into high-quality and efficient mask products, which also tests the extreme mobilization ability of China's national and market organizations.
In terms of raw materials, meltblown cloth is called the "heart" of masks, but because of the complicated installation, high cost and long cycle of equipment in the production line, it is the primary bottleneck to increase the productivity of masks.
For example, in 2018, the national non-woven fabric production was about 5.94 million tons, but the output of meltblown cloth was only 53,500 tons, and the daily output was about 180 tons. And not only for masks, but also for environmental protection, clothing, wiping materials, etc.
Epidemic situation At present, China Petroleum and Chemical Research Institute has taken melt-blown materials and melt-blown cloths required for the development of masks as a major political task, and completed a series of research and development and production within one week.
In addition, the delivery time of domestic equipment for meltblown cloth production line usually takes 3 to 4 months. After receiving the mission, more than 600 people of Sinopec Yanshan Petrochemical fought day and night and built a factory within half a month.
At present, Sinopec and PetroChina are preparing to build 10 and 4 meltblown cloth production lines respectively. It is estimated that after they are all completed and put into operation in April, the daily output will reach 18 tons and 7 tons of medical mask meltblown cloth, respectively.
At the same time, the SASAC urgently promoted the development and production of key equipment such as medical mask machines, and adopted the model of "multiple enterprises, multiple schemes, and multiple paths" to tackle key problems.
China's electronic mask production line Source: Small state-owned, the same below
Among them, Guangzhou SINOMACH and other companies and their supply chain set up a plane mask machine research team, which only produced 100 mask machines in one month.
In addition, Aviation Industry Group has developed a "1 out 2" high-end fully automatic mask machine. This mask machine consists of a total of 2365 parts, but it can be operated by a single person with only simple training, and can produce more than 1 million masks per day.
Driven by the documents issued by three ministries and commissions such as the National Development and Reform Commission and market factors, since February, more than 6,000 mask and respiratory protection-related companies have been added nationwide, a year-on-year growth rate of 1561%.
大量 A large number of retail, service, and technology companies such as SAIC-GM-Wuling, Foxconn, BYD, Gree, Sangun, Lilang, and Baojun Bird have all "cross-border" converted masks and mask machines.
Many companies have created a miracle of production capacity. It took Wuling from the idea to 200,000 medical masks offline in just 3 days. BYD reached an amazing 5 million masks per day at the end of February. After Gree scrapped more than 1 million yuan of equipment in the previous period, it continued to increase production and mask input.
Until February 29, China's mask production reached a new high: the national daily production capacity of masks reached 110 million pieces, and the daily output reached 116 million pieces, which was nearly 10 times higher than the average daily production capacity last year. At present, the needs for epidemic prevention and control have been effectively met.
As for some people in China who are worried about the problem of overcapacity after the epidemic, the relevant person in charge of the National Development and Reform Commission made it clear that the government will collect and store surplus output. Many companies also said that they will be ready to re-produce according to changes in supply and demand.
Concluding remarks
During the epidemic, the production of medical supplies was also racing against time. A small mask is actually connected to multiple links in the industrial chain and involves hundreds of products. Whichever link fails will affect the production progress.
的 The key to the realization of the "double billion" goal of China's mask production capacity is the "hard core resumption" supported by China's comprehensive industrial system and complete upstream and downstream industry supporting capabilities.
It is interesting to note that when China ’s nations were fighting against the “epidemic” and increased their mask production capacity, some Western media relentlessly rendered China compelled domestic companies (including foreign capital) to sell equipment to the government. Later, while expressing "the need for Chinese masks", he also questioned the Chinese draft "mask diplomacy." This is asking people with thorns.
At present, China has become the only country in the world with all the industrial categories listed in the United Nations Industrial Classification, with a total of 666 industrial categories, and the total industrial output value has surpassed the United States in 2011, ranking first in the world.
In fact, China and the United States and some
