Why energy cost need not be US$100+ per barrel in SOME countries - no increment!

[tun_dr_m]

<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-47.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The hydroelectric pumped storage power station in Zagorsk, Moscow region, is the only acting hydroelectric pumped storage power station in Russia.</p>
<p><br />

<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-11.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The station deals with two tasks simultaneously: it generates and consumes electric energy. Capacity generated by the station is not large but is in demand due to reversibility of the cycle.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-12.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Thus, an atomic power plant generates a certain amount of energy. In view of load lacking the freed capacity has to be spent somewhere or energy output needs to be decreased. The second variant is not good at all. It usually takes an A-plant 9 months to use a definite amount of fuel. If the capacity is changed, the mentioned term will be decreased to 6 months.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-13.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The station is supplied with 6 hydraulic units.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-14.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Ideally every A-plant must have a hydroelectric pumped storage power station nearby as the latter one consumes free capacity.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-15.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>A hydroelectric power station must be located along a river. A water-collecting area is based at the back of the dam where water is taken from at night and is put back in the afternoon. They buy cheap energy to fill the reservoir with water at night. In the afternoon expensive energy is generated and sold out.</p>

<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-16.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-17.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>This way</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-18.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-19.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The station is mainly located underground.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-20.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-21.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The turbine room.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-22.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-23.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Pressure conduits are used to release and eject water.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-24.jpg" alt="" /></p>

<p>On the roof of the turbine room.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-25.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-26.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The territory of the city of Moscow and the Moscow region is too vast and the station shown fails to produce enough energy. That is why the second station is to be built.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-27.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The water intake area is surrounded by a fence. A temporary dam helps in construction of the 2nd station.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-28.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-29.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-30.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-31.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-32.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The pressure tunnel on the right is almost completed.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-33.jpg" alt="" /></p>

<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-34.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-35.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-36.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The territory of the turbine room is slowly increasing.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-37.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-38.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-39.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-40.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>280 people work here.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-41.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Equipment.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-42.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-43.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-44.jpg" alt="" /></p>

<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-45.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-46.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-47.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-48.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/zagorsk/zagorsk004-49.jpg" alt="" /></p>

 

[tun_dr_m]

Why no reason for energy cost hike

<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-14.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The Chirkey Dam is is the tallest arch dam in Russia. It is located on the Sulak River, Dagestan. The main purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power production and it supports a 1,000 MW power station. Construction on the dam began in 1964, the first generator was operational by 1974, the last in 1976 while the project was complete in 1978.</p>


<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-15.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>It is situated in a seismic area. Installation work was accomplished due to three cable cranes with load-carrtying ability of 25 tons. By the way, it was the first time that they applied cable cranes at underpouring the body of the dam.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-16.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>They had to blast the rocks to block the river. Over 65,000 m3 of rock fell down as a result of a 37-ton explosion.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-17.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The dam is 232.5 m tall and 338 m long.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-18.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-19.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The arch dam’s thickness varies from 6 m to 30 m. In general, there are three hydropower plants in Russia.</p>

<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-20.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-21.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-22.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-23.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>A 330 kW open switchgear.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-24.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-25.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Along the dam’s crest, they drive sheep to their summer grazing lands.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-26.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The dam’s water reservoir has a length of 40 km and a width of 5 km.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-27.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-28.jpg" alt="" /></p>

<p>Ferroconcrete cover of the water passages is 1.5 m thick.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-29.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Transformers and generator voltage dispatch devices.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-30.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Placement of the hydraulic units and draft tubes (two-row) makes the HPP unique.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-31.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The HPP has two machinery halls located next to each other.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-32.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>250 MW Francis turbines.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-33.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Taking advantage of the fact that hydraulic unit number four is currently under construction, we get into the spiral case of the turbine.</p>

<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-34.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The turbine’s rotor wheel is 4.5 m in diameter and weighs 55 tons.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-35.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>In the dispatching office.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-36.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-37.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>A 800-meter long tunnel will lead you to the HPP building.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-38.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-39.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-40.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-41.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-42.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-43.jpg" alt="" /></p>

<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-44.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>A crane on the dam’s crest.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-45.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-46.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-47.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>This is a 14-meter tall discharge gate.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-48.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The HPP is located in a droughty zone so they conducted sterile spills just three times in history of the Chirkey Dam.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-49.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>Inside the body of the dam.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-50.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-51.jpg" alt="" /></p>

<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-52.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-53.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>The HPP at night.</p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-54.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-55.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-56.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-57.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-58.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-62.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-63.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="http://media.englishrussia.com/112012/chirkeyskayahpp/chirkeyskayahpp-59.jpg" alt="" /></p>
<p>That’s how all those pictures were taken.</p>