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[h=2]The day the Constitution died (again)[/h]
October 26th, 2012 |
Author: Contributions
To begin with, we don’t have much of a Constitution to
speak of. Ours is not a liberal Constitution peppered with extensive safeguards
against the abuse of power. Our Constitution does attempt to limit the exercise
of power and there are many restrictions on what the respective organs of state
may or may not do. But, there are enough provisions that allow the state to
claim expansive powers and enough provisions to allow for the restriction of
citizens rights.
But, whatever we might say about our (amendment-ravaged) Constitution, the
fact remains that it is a document that is a starting point for any discussion
in law about the extent of the state’s power and the extent of the citizen’s
rights. There are ’silences’ in many provisions that enable legroom for a
pro-citizen instead of a pro-state interpretation. (Just realised that
‘pro-state’ unhyphenated is prostate. There is an accidental link between
intellectual alignment with the powers that be and a part of the anatomy near
the testicular region. Sorry about this unnecessary and irrelevant digression.
)
That brings me to the IMF loan case. Kenneth Jeyaretnam, the leader of the
Reform Party, brought an application to the High Court for the Court to rule on
the legality of the Singapore government’s decision to pledge a loan to the
IMF. I wasn’t surprised by the decision of the Court. The Court has ruled as
follows:
“Art 144(1) was obviously intended to apply to the raising of loans and
not the giving of loans. It follows that the approval of Parliament and the
concurrence of the President are not required for the Loan. As such, the present
application did not disclose a prima facie case of reasonable suspicion
in favour of granting the remedies sought and it could not be said that there
appeared to be a point which might, on further consideration, turn out to be an
arguable case in favour of granting to the applicant the relief claimed. On this
ground alone, the application for leave must be
dismissed.”
At issue in the case was the question of whether the government
required Presidential/Parliamentary approval for the raising and giving of
loans. Kenneth contended that approval is needed for both. The government
contended that approval is only needed for the raising of a loan and not the
giving of a loan. The reason for the contention is the mode of interpretation
to be employed. Kenneth’s Counsel argued for a literal interpretation
of the Constitution relying on the ordinary dictionary meaning of the words
employed. The government relied on a purposive interpretation. (This is a
technique of statutory interpretation where a law is interpreted on the basis of
the objectives of Parliament in enacting the provision; i.e. looking at the
‘purpose’ behind the provision.)
The Court has obviously accepted the purposive interpretation. The actual
provision in question is:
“Article 144.
—(1) No guarantee or loan shall be given or raised by
the Government —
(a)except under the authority of any resolution of
Parliament with which the President concurs”
The Court is of the view that Article 144 prohibits the giving of a guarantee
and the raising of a loan and not the other way around. I have blogged about
this earlier and have mentioned that this is a technical legal possibility. http://www.article14.blogspot.sg/2012/06/singapores-pledge-of-us-4-billion-to.html
So, no surprises as to the result. If so, why do I say that the
Constitution has died. Well, there is another concern that I have about
the High Court decision. This is a far more serious matter with far-reaching
consequences. The Court has decided that Kenneth Jeyaretnam does not
have the locus standi to make a claim. (locus standi – the standing of the
party. the question as to whether the person has the right to make a particular
claim in court.)
Ordinarily, if the case is one involving a private interest, there is little
difficulty in establishing locus standi. But, if the issue is one of public
interest, the law hasn’t been clear in Singapore. The English Courts
(from whom we adopt this concept) have moved ahead to give a broad application
for locus standi in public interest cases. Tan Lee Meng J stated the
following at paragraph 42 of the judgment:
“The English position on locus standi in relation to the enforcement of
public rights has become more liberal. In Inland Revenue Commissioners v
National Federation of Self-Employed and Small Businesses Ltd [1982] 1 AC 617,
Lord Diplock stated (at 644) as follows:
It is not, in
my view, a sufficient answer to say that judicial review of the actions of
officers or departments of central government is unnecessary because they are
accountable to Parliament for the way in which they carry out their functions.
They are accountable to Parliament for what they do so far as regards efficiency
and policy, and of that Parliament is the only judge; they are responsible to a
court of justice for the lawfulness of what they do, and of that the court is
the only judge. “
The judge went on to look at the Malaysian position in Government of
Malaysia v Lim Kit Siang. In the end, the decision of the Court was to decide
along the lines of the Malaysian case. (In any event, the Malaysian
case appears to have been given a nod to by our Court of Appeal in PP v Tan Eng
Hong recently.)
On that basis, the High Court has now decided that Kenneth does not have the
locus standi to pursue this case:
“an applicant in a case involving a public right should
certainly be required to show that he had suffered special damage as a result of
the public act being challenged and that he had a genuine private interest to
protect or further.”
The impact of this decision is that in future, any judicial review
case involving a public interest will require special damage to be suffered by a
citizen before it can be brought before the Court. And so, one possible avenue
of ensuring Constitutional governance is closed. And so too, our Constitution
has died.
Of course, one might just as well cynically conclude that it was not a living
document to begin with. To be alive, the Constitution must not merely be a
bunch of words on a piece of paper. To be alive, the Constitution must be
imbued with the spirit of a people and the values of a nation. With so much to
question about whether we have a coherent set of values or that there is a
certain Singapore spirit and in fact, with so much to question as to whether we
are even a coherent collection of individuals capable of being collectively
referred to as a ‘people’ and even so much to question whether we are a
‘nation’, the question of a living Constitution probably doesn’t arise. If
something is not alive, it can’t die, can it?
.
Subra
* The writer is a Singaporean law lecturer who
firmly believes in Liberty, Freedom of Expression and a system of government
based on checks and balances. He blogs at http://article14.blogspot.sg.
To begin with, we don’t have much of a Constitution to speak of. Ours is not a liberal Constitution peppered with extensive safeguards
against the abuse of power. Our Constitution does attempt to limit the exercise
of power and there are many restrictions on what the respective organs of state
may or may not do. But, there are enough provisions that allow the state to
claim expansive powers and enough provisions to allow for the restriction of
citizens rights.
But, whatever we might say about our (amendment-ravaged) Constitution, the
fact remains that it is a document that is a starting point for any discussion
in law about the extent of the state’s power and the extent of the citizen’s
rights. There are ’silences’ in many provisions that enable legroom for a
pro-citizen instead of a pro-state interpretation. (Just realised that
‘pro-state’ unhyphenated is prostate. There is an accidental link between
intellectual alignment with the powers that be and a part of the anatomy near
the testicular region. Sorry about this unnecessary and irrelevant digression.
)
That brings me to the IMF loan case. Kenneth Jeyaretnam, the leader of the
Reform Party, brought an application to the High Court for the Court to rule on
the legality of the Singapore government’s decision to pledge a loan to the
IMF. I wasn’t surprised by the decision of the Court. The Court has ruled as
follows:
“Art 144(1) was obviously intended to apply to the raising of loans and
not the giving of loans. It follows that the approval of Parliament and the
concurrence of the President are not required for the Loan. As such, the present
application did not disclose a prima facie case of reasonable suspicion
in favour of granting the remedies sought and it could not be said that there
appeared to be a point which might, on further consideration, turn out to be an
arguable case in favour of granting to the applicant the relief claimed. On this
ground alone, the application for leave must be
dismissed.”
required Presidential/Parliamentary approval for the raising and giving of
loans. Kenneth contended that approval is needed for both. The government
contended that approval is only needed for the raising of a loan and not the
giving of a loan. The reason for the contention is the mode of interpretation
to be employed. Kenneth’s Counsel argued for a literal interpretation
of the Constitution relying on the ordinary dictionary meaning of the words
employed. The government relied on a purposive interpretation. (This is a
technique of statutory interpretation where a law is interpreted on the basis of
the objectives of Parliament in enacting the provision; i.e. looking at the
‘purpose’ behind the provision.)
The Court has obviously accepted the purposive interpretation. The actual
provision in question is:
“Article 144.
—(1) No guarantee or loan shall be given or raised by
the Government —
(a)except under the authority of any resolution of
Parliament with which the President concurs”
and the raising of a loan and not the other way around. I have blogged about
this earlier and have mentioned that this is a technical legal possibility. http://www.article14.blogspot.sg/2012/06/singapores-pledge-of-us-4-billion-to.html
So, no surprises as to the result. If so, why do I say that the
Constitution has died. Well, there is another concern that I have about
the High Court decision. This is a far more serious matter with far-reaching
consequences. The Court has decided that Kenneth Jeyaretnam does not
have the locus standi to make a claim. (locus standi – the standing of the
party. the question as to whether the person has the right to make a particular
claim in court.)
Ordinarily, if the case is one involving a private interest, there is little
difficulty in establishing locus standi. But, if the issue is one of public
interest, the law hasn’t been clear in Singapore. The English Courts
(from whom we adopt this concept) have moved ahead to give a broad application
for locus standi in public interest cases. Tan Lee Meng J stated the
following at paragraph 42 of the judgment:
“The English position on locus standi in relation to the enforcement of
public rights has become more liberal. In Inland Revenue Commissioners v
National Federation of Self-Employed and Small Businesses Ltd [1982] 1 AC 617,
Lord Diplock stated (at 644) as follows:
It is not, in
my view, a sufficient answer to say that judicial review of the actions of
officers or departments of central government is unnecessary because they are
accountable to Parliament for the way in which they carry out their functions.
They are accountable to Parliament for what they do so far as regards efficiency
and policy, and of that Parliament is the only judge; they are responsible to a
court of justice for the lawfulness of what they do, and of that the court is
the only judge. “
Malaysia v Lim Kit Siang. In the end, the decision of the Court was to decide
along the lines of the Malaysian case. (In any event, the Malaysian
case appears to have been given a nod to by our Court of Appeal in PP v Tan Eng
Hong recently.)
On that basis, the High Court has now decided that Kenneth does not have the
locus standi to pursue this case:
“an applicant in a case involving a public right should
certainly be required to show that he had suffered special damage as a result of
the public act being challenged and that he had a genuine private interest to
protect or further.”
case involving a public interest will require special damage to be suffered by a
citizen before it can be brought before the Court. And so, one possible avenue
of ensuring Constitutional governance is closed. And so too, our Constitution
has died.
Of course, one might just as well cynically conclude that it was not a living
document to begin with. To be alive, the Constitution must not merely be a
bunch of words on a piece of paper. To be alive, the Constitution must be
imbued with the spirit of a people and the values of a nation. With so much to
question about whether we have a coherent set of values or that there is a
certain Singapore spirit and in fact, with so much to question as to whether we
are even a coherent collection of individuals capable of being collectively
referred to as a ‘people’ and even so much to question whether we are a
‘nation’, the question of a living Constitution probably doesn’t arise. If
something is not alive, it can’t die, can it?
.
Subra
* The writer is a Singaporean law lecturer who
firmly believes in Liberty, Freedom of Expression and a system of government
based on checks and balances. He blogs at http://article14.blogspot.sg.
