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http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2017-09-22/doc-ifymesii4869355.shtml


[h=1]中国的北斗卫星导航系统 为何会令美国恨之入骨[/h] 2017年09月22日 10:01 新华网


新浪扶翼 行业专区





  原标题:中国北斗卫星导航系统为何令美国恨之入骨?
  9月17日,新华网报道,记者从首届卫星应用国际博览会上了解到,我国北斗三号全球定位系统正式启动建设,计划今年底将发射四颗全球组网卫星。
  北斗卫星导航系统是中国正在实施的自主发展、独立运行的全球卫星导航系统,可以在全球范围内全天候、全天时为各类用户提供高精度、高可靠定位、导航、授时服务,并具有独特的短报文通信功能。
  北斗卫星导航系统副总设计师冉承其表示:“我们正在建设的北斗三号系统,它除了全球覆盖以外,在性能上、系统的可靠性上,还会有大的提高。从定位精度来讲,会在现有系统性能提高一到两倍。”
  中国为什么要耗时耗力的发展北斗卫星导航系统?期间是怎么与欧美日进行博弈的?中国的北斗卫星导航系统究竟发展的怎样?这篇文章讲清楚了。
  国际上有一个高大上的俱乐部,它只有四个会员,却吸引了各国首脑的关注和众多顶级科学家工程师的研究,这个俱乐部就是GNSS(全球导航卫星系统),四个会员分别是美国GPS、欧洲伽利略GALILEO、俄罗斯格洛纳斯GLONASS、中国北斗COMPASS。
  中国北斗是个新会员,同时也是发展势头最猛的会员,北斗是咋回事?对我们的生活有什么影响?这是一个很有意思的话题。关于北斗,学术期刊上的文章有很多了,但专业文章的术语太多,普通人读不懂,而且也不会有兴趣去读。
  媒体和网络上也有一些介绍性的文章,多数是彰显政府成就的宣传稿,内容比较零散,不便于读者全面了解,而且很多文章的说法并不准确,显然是非专业人士写的。科技报道不是由科技人士撰写,而是文科出身的记者捉笔,这种现象是国内科技报道的痼疾。
  因为专业的原因,我一直关注着北斗,而且多年通信专业基础课的教学实践,培养了我将复杂的专业问题用通俗的语言描述出来的特长。我利用了两个月的业余时间,查阅了大量公开发行的资料,梳理出了这篇全面介绍北斗卫星的科普长文。
  1
  从GPS说起
  1957 年10月4日,苏联发射了全世界第一颗人造地球卫星,开创了人类的空间世纪。美国对此密切关注,有一位名叫比尔。盖伊和数学家和一位叫乔治。威芬巴赫的物理学家,他们在霍普斯金的应用物理实验室里发现了一个现象,那就是这颗卫星的频率出现了偏移,经研究发现是相对运动引起的多普勒频移效应。
  这两位科学家对此进行了实验研究,发现如果在地面上架设多部接收机,就可以根据接收到的信号的不同频差推算出这个卫星的具体位置,他们很高兴地把这个研究成果告诉了实验室主任弗兰克。麦克卢尔,说他们已经实现了对苏联卫星的多普勒定位跟踪。
  弗兰克主任当时在做海军的一项研究,研究内容是五角大楼如何知道茫茫大海中军舰的具体位置,听到两位科学家的汇报后他眼前一亮,既然你们能够发现卫星在哪里,如果把问题反过来,卫星就能发现你们在哪里,海军军舰定位的问题有思路了!
  GPS系统就按这种思路启动了,方案中需要解决的第一个问题就是:卫星该采用低、中、高哪种轨道?如果采用低轨道的话,发射成本比较低,精度比较高,但若覆盖全球的话则需要200颗卫星,这样浩大工程实在是负担不起。
  如果采用高轨道,理论上三颗卫星就能覆盖全球,但除了高轨道卫星的发射难度大之外,更主要的是定位精度会很低,原因有两个:一是轨道太高会导致测量误差大,二是静止轨道与地面物体的相对速度很小,不利于使用多普勒频移的解算方法。
  中轨道是比较折衷的方案,覆盖全球只需要24-36颗卫星,由于轨道是运动的,即使地面的物体不动,但相对卫星的速度也很大,这就可以充分利用多普勒频移方法了。
  基于以上综合考虑,美国选择了24颗卫星的中轨道星座,1978年发射了第一颗,全系统在1995年投入运行,现有卫星30颗,分为军用和民用两种定位模式,其中民用方式向全球开放。
  2
  美国是不是活雷锋?
  GPS是个好东西,对人们生活品质的提升相当大,例如汽车和手机导航就非常重要,人们告别了在纸制地图上找路的历史。GPS对于探险航海就更重要了,关键时刻可以救命。这么好的东西,美国又投入了巨资,居然向全世界免费,难道美国政府是活雷锋?
  其实即使GPS不免费那也收不上来钱,为啥这样说呢?因为GPS是单向通信体制,这跟广播电视塔类似。广播电视塔大家都知道,它只管发射信号,到底有1个收音机听还是1万个收音机听,广播电视塔是不知道的,GPS系统也是如此,30颗卫星只管不停地向地面发信号,具体是谁在接收并使用这些信号,它是根本不知 情的,既然不知情,那还怎样收钱?
  通过售卖高价解码芯片来收钱行不行?答案是不行,因为GPS采用的是只发不收的单向通信机制,这对加密传输来说是先天的障碍,即使搞了加密,没几天就会被破解了,尤其是民码还要求简单易用,接收设备要求成本低廉,这对加密来说就更加困难了。
  如果GPS免费,则一定会在全球形成巨大的市场,依托这套系统会产生新的国际性产业,同时会形成一股强大的国家软实力,所以说GPS免费是符合美国国家利益的。
  GPS 免费对全世界的民生来说是个福利,但在军事方面却是个挑战,美国敌对国家的军机战舰上当然也可以安装,美国人也禁止不了,这对美国是不是一个威胁呢?其实 GPS开放的只是民码,精度比美国军方使用的军码差了十倍,先天就挫了一大截。更重要的是,万一跟美国打起了仗,人家把GPS民码给你一停,你已经很依赖 GPS了,甚至连指南针都丢了,这可就抓瞎了。如果美国不给你停GPS,而是发个欺骗码,瞄准美国的导弹就可能飞到自己的阵地上,这更加可怕。
  所以说,他国的军备绝不能使用美国的GPS,一旦形成依赖就会像吸毒者一样无法自拔,必须要发展本国的定位导航系统。当然,发展本国的定位导航系统也只是少 数大国的权利,至于泰国墨西哥等小国家其实是不必操这个心的,因为全球定位导航系统实在是太浩大,综合国力微弱的小国家们根本就造不起,还是老老实实地继 续用GPS吧,这倒也省心。
  3
  北斗一代的由来
  中国是个有抱负的大国,在定位导航卫星这事上可不能图省心,实际上从上个 世纪70年代就已经开始闹心了,七五规划中提出了“新四星”计划,随后提出过单星、双星、三星、三到五颗星的区域性系统方案,以及多星的全球系统设想。研究、论证、再研究、再论证……从来就没有停止过。
  80年代初期,以“两弹一星”元勋成芳允院士为首的专家团体提出了双星定位方案,这是当 时公认的最优方案,但因经济条件等种种原因又搁置了十年。1991年是个重大转折点,海湾战争把中国人打醒了,美国的GPS在作战中的应用非常成功,决策层深刻意识到以后打仗没这东西是真的不行,被搁置十年的双星定位方案于是马上启动。
  为啥不像美国那样搞30颗卫星的系统呢?当时的国情是 又没经验又没钱,刚起步可得悠着点,从小打小闹开始吧,上来就玩大的容易搞砸锅。一定会有网友问,在空间中三个坐标才能定位,两颗卫星不够用啊?这是个好问题,双星定位方案中有个高度仪,用户需要自测高程,并将结果作为第三个坐标,这就好比是在地球中心装了一个虚拟的卫星,这就实现了三星定位。那为什么不 干脆发射三颗卫星呢?原因很简单,高度仪很便宜,这个方案更省钱。
  只有两颗星,当然不能像美国GPS那样搞中轨道的,轨道低了覆盖面就小,两颗中轨道卫星多数时间会在中国上空以外的地方飞行,那中国大陆还咋用呢?因此只能搞高轨道的,而且还得是静止的,这样才能妥妥地停在中国大陆的上空。
  静止高轨道是双星定位的必须选择,从技术上讲这毫无疑问是正确的,但却埋下了性能不强的隐患,这就是要谈的下一个问题,北斗一代被诟病。
  4
  北斗一代被诟病
  MH370 失联后出现了很多科普,令公众熟悉了多普勒效应这个名词,那多普勒效应对卫星来说到底是好事还是坏事呢?这要看是哪一种卫星,多普勒效应对导航定位卫星来 说是好事,因为卫星相对地面物体被测物体的相对速度越大,多普勒效应越明显,定位就会更加准确,这甚至是定位导航卫星的核心原理基础。
  但是,多普勒效应对通信卫星来说就是坏事了,因为频率偏移会导致通信失败,必须得做修正。例如位于印度洋上空的亚太国际通信卫星就是相对地面固定的,失联的 MH370在最后阶段发出的7次探寻信号被这颗卫星测出了频率偏移,这本来是要被修正掉的数据,没想到这却成了推测飞机航迹的唯一证据。用一句话总结就 是:用通信卫星干了定位卫星的活,把本来是坏事的多普勒效应变成了好事。
  既然中国的这两颗卫星是静止轨道的,自然可以与国际通信卫星一样完成通信任务,于是既能定位又能通信就被设计成为了北斗一代的技术特点,而GPS等其它定位导航系统都是不支持通信功能的。
  美国GPS不具备北斗这样的通信功能,这真不能说人家技术落后,因为人家的卫星系统是各司其职的,定位卫星和通信卫星两套系统的性能都很优异。而中国北斗一代是身兼两职,听起来功能更加全面,其实是中国把定位卫星打到了通信卫星的轨道上,自然能收获了通信这个副业。
  毕竟定位才是北斗一代的主业,大部分的信道资源都必须让给定位数据的传送,所以留给通信的信道资源就很少,它无法完成实时的话音通信,只能完成短信功能。
  由于这两颗星的轨道很高,导致了地面被测物体与卫星的相对速度很低,于是多普勒效应就不明显,其定位精度自然远远比不过GPS。因此虽然官方宣传的北斗一代 既能通信又能定位是独特优势,其实是通信功能比国际海事卫星差得多,定位功能比GPS卫星差得多,通信和定位虽说啥都能干,但啥性能都不行。
  平心而论,北斗一代已经达到了设计指标,工程是非常成功的,毕竟就只有两颗星嘛,咋能跟几十颗的海事通信卫星和GPS卫星相比呢,好比是你花了800块买了部双卡双待的山寨机,骂它不如苹果手机好,这其实并不公平。
  不妨做个假设,假如没有国际海事卫星和GPS卫星的话,那既能定位又能通信的北斗一代就是光芒四射的,但问题是北斗一代问世时,这两种卫星系统已经相当成熟 了,在它们的对比之下,北斗一代简直就是一坨翔,而且是国家花了大价钱造出的一坨翔,当然是各种被骂,研发人员们灰头土脸不敢吭气。
  5
  与伽利略计划的姻缘
  北斗一代的使用体验比较差,那该咋往下走呢?这时中国看上了欧洲的伽利略计划,这是欧洲国家联合搞的全球定位导航卫星系统计划,因为这个项目实在是太烧钱,欧洲单个国家谁都搞不起,但又不能不搞,虽然欧洲国家跟美国关系很好,但也不能把国家安全都系在美国政府身上。
  欧洲有技术但缺钱,于是他们瞄上了土豪中国,中国正因为北斗一代不给力而发愁呢,自然是一拍即合,据报道称中国加入了伽利略技术,并且很大方的拍了两个亿的入伙费。但中国越来越觉得不对劲,欧洲居然把日本和印度也拉入伙了,他们出的钱少但权利不少,这不是把中国当作冤大头了吗?多出点钱倒不是问题,关键在于这两个国家本来是我们在军事上要防备的,难道要跟他们在国防方面使用相同的系统?中国发现苗头不对,下定决心后就咔嚓地退出了,退出后自己单干,开始发展北斗二代。
  北斗二代计划在2020年前发射35颗卫星,形成全球性的定位导航系统,比GPS还多5颗。多出的这5颗是在赤道上空的静止高轨道卫星,主要是完成短信任务的,其它30颗跟美国GPS的30颗一样,都是中轨道的运动卫星。
  北斗二代的规模与GPS相当,申请的轨道和频率与欧洲伽利略比较一致,这就不可避免地遇到了卫星轨道和频率争夺的问题。卫星轨道和空间频率是人类共有的资源,那该如何分配呢?国际规则是既不按国家来分,也不按人口来分,而是谁先占了算谁的。
  先占先得的原则是西方发达国家制定的,他们认为这是各国都有同样机会的公平原则,理由是:你有本事你也打卫星啊,我又没拦着你,你不打是你自己的事,如果你永远不打,难道说轨道和频率还要永远给你留着?这听起来也有道理,更关键的是,即使你觉得没道理,你也没能力阻止发达国家占轨道和频率。
  2005年伽利略计划的第一颗卫星上天了,但并没有开通,只是占了轨道但没占频率,为啥没开通呢?原因是没钱,开通需要花钱的,欧洲手头有点紧。中国北斗二代的第一颗星也随后上天了,而且上去就开通了,这下就把轨道和频率都占上了,这为啥呢?这是因为中国政府不差钱。
  欧洲伽利略那边慢悠悠地捣鼓,而中国这边的北斗一个接一个地不停打卫星,后来还搞起了一箭双星,而伽利略计划和北斗二代有些频率是重合的,双方都在国际电信 联盟组织备案了,谁先占上就算谁的,中国的快节奏把欧洲搞急眼了,通过美国给中国施压,要求中国放慢脚步等等欧洲人民。
  以前欧美国家凭借技术和经济优势抢占资源,中国技术和经济不给力只能吃哑巴亏,你们从来就没谦让过,现在凭什么要我谦让?中国不理会欧美的抗议,按既定的节奏继续打卫星。
  6
  亚太地区组网
  虽然现在还没有把35颗卫星打全,但亚太地区的北斗二代定位导航网络已经建起来了,并已投入了使用。GPS和北斗的中轨道运动卫星都是30颗,它们各在太空 上织就了一张网,GPS网眼最密处是在美国上空,北斗二代网眼最密处在中国上空,为本土提供服务是第一要务,这个道理当然很好理解。加拿大和墨西哥当然会 选择GPS,而对于亚太国家来说,北斗却比GPS更有优势。
  亚太国家认识到了北斗的覆盖优势,中国政府也积极推动北斗二代在亚太地区的应用,于是泰国、马来西亚、文莱、印度尼西亚、柬埔寨、老挝等国家派出了19名专家,于2014年7月来到中国考察北斗二代,研究讨论合作的事项。
  第一站去的是武汉光谷北斗集团,参观了中国最大的遥感卫星地面接收站,第二站去的是黄石,参观了建设中的中国-东盟北斗示范城,第三站参观了北斗地球空间产 业国际学院,第四站是参加“2014北斗技术与应用国际培训班”,在两院院士李德仁领衔的武汉大学测绘遥感国家生点实验室里连续学习了半个月。
  行程安排是很讲究的,先带他们参观,行程非常密集不容你思想懈怠,一处更比一处高端大气上档次的北斗产业园区,令他们的眼睛瞪得越来越大,在内心受到了震撼后,再由国际知名科学家李德仁院士亲自授课,解答你国使用北斗的所有疑问,顺便收获了这些东盟专家的膝盖。
  泰国专家表示,有些GPS卫星的信号泰国收不到,而北斗所有的卫星信号都能接收到,当然要参加北斗的“天眼”计划,而且泰国现在已建成了首批CORS(连续运行卫星定位服务综合系统)。马来西亚紧随其后,将成为北斗“天眼”的下一个落户的国家。
  7
  在渔业的应用
  北斗的首次成功应用是2008年5月12日的汶川地震,甭看我们平时的通信非常方便,电话、短信、互联网等手段很多,但其实都是高度依赖光纤和基站的,当这 些基础设施遭到大面积损坏时,你会发现QQ、微信、微博、短信…。。所有平时很方便的通信手段全都完蛋了,除了靠吼之外简直就没有一点办法。
  那时候北斗还是一代系统,虽然因为性能指标比不过GPS和海事卫星而被骂出了翔,但北斗一代在地震时却发挥出了不受地面影响的优势,它的定位和短信能力充分 发挥了作用,成为了救援指挥部队和前线救援人员最得力的通信助手,最大限度地保证了“72小时黄金抢救时间”的有效利用,彰显了北斗服务民生的技术优势。
  远洋渔业是个充满危险的行当,遇到风险时能得到及时得到救助非常重要,再节省的渔民都会备齐两样电子设备,一是GPS二是海事卫星电话,以便遇到风险时能及时求助。
  遇到风险需要求救,首先要用GPS定好位,然后用海事卫星电话通知岸上的救援队,告诉他们我遇险的GPS坐标,以便他们来救我。当然也有用电台的,但电台的 可靠性不如海事卫星电话,生死攸关时通不上可就抓瞎了。但是,养一部海事卫星电话是很贵的,但为了关键时刻救命又不敢不养,很多渔民对此很纠结。
  北斗二代在亚太地区布网后,渔民有了一个新选择,那就是装北斗卫星船载终端,北斗的双向短信功能在渔船救险方面得到了完美应用,遇到险情后一键求救,终端会自动把附带着定位信息的求救短信通过卫星发给岸上的救援队,实现了GPS+海事卫星电话的功能,而且更加方便。
  那这个终端贵吗?政府大力推广,将之列为安全机械设备,享受农机补贴政策,政府额外拿出了1个亿,免费为辽宁、山东、浙江、海南的1万艘渔船安装的北斗终端,后续再安装的直接补贴九成,渔民只需要象征性的出一成的钱就可以安装。
  海事卫星电话很贵,那北斗卫星短信贵不贵呢?答案是一条三毛!这是有史以来最便宜的卫星短信了,为啥这么便宜,有政府补贴呗,其实根本就没考虑成本,收费是象征性的。本来有专家建议免费,但怕渔民们没事就发段子,过于浪费卫星信道资源,干脆就定一条三毛吧。
  北斗卫星的短信功能非常受欢迎,根据浙江省2011年的统计,浙江渔民利用北斗卫星发短信1300万条,其中船与船互通604万条,船与手机互通696万条。
  渔业省份在岸上大建基于北斗二代的渔业信息服务基础设施,通过卫星给渔船发送实时的天气、海浪、赤潮、鱼汛消息,甚至还有当日渔市价格,帮助渔民决定捕捞哪种鱼,渔民在海上就可以把渔获信息传到岸上,提前联系好了卖家。
  8
  “两客一危”与地基增强系统
  “两客一危”指的是从事道路班线客运、旅行包车、危险货物运输车,这些都必须安装电子定位装置,并将运行信息及时接入到全国的联网联控系统中。在交通管理部门的监控大屏幕上,车辆的运动状态一目了然,超速闯禁行等违规驾驶行为会自动报警,这是一项保护人民生命安全的法规。
  “两客一危”的范围还在扩展,警车、公务车、校车也正在被纳入到卫星定位监控系统之中,不仅仅是为了行车安全,还要监控公车私用,车辆行驶路线清清楚楚,数据妥妥地存在数据库里,由不得司机遮掩狡辩。
  这种对特种车辆的卫星监控,以前要求使用GPS,现在被政府明令要求必须使用北斗二代。有些人为此质疑过政府,以前基于GPS的系统本来就能完成任务,现在为了推广国产北斗就来硬的,这不是劳民伤财吗?
  这真不是功民伤财,而是有着长远规划的必要措施。中国正在筹划搞北斗二代的地基增强系统,在路灯杆、信号塔等地方架设北斗设备,形成北斗的地基增强系统,与天基的卫星相互配合,可达到米级以下的实时定位精度。
  北斗二代的天基系统和地基系统一旦成功结合,那大货车就再也不敢长期占用超车道了,而以前的GPS定位精度是10米,是无法区分车道的。给孩子戴的定位手表会更加精准和灵敏,定位信息不再是“在某地附近”,而是精确到孩子站在哪块地板砖上。
  地基增强系统是要与天基系统密切配合的,如果把这个遍及全国的国字号系统搭建在美国GPS的基础之上,那万一人家收费了呢?或者把底层数据屏蔽了,那我们就被会卡了脖子。我们已经有了完全自主产权的北斗二代,自家的地基增强系统当然要跟自家的北斗二代配对。
  9
  形变监测与自动驾考
  北斗二代的用途非常非常多,据统计有200多项,例如有一项就是形变监测,专门对水坝、大桥、高速公路等巨大建设物的沉降和变形做测量。网友们一定会疑问,北斗与GPS的精度都是10米,咋能搞如此细致的活计呢?这源于差分算法技术。
  任何测量都是会有误差的,而把多次测量后的结果统计平均,就会有效地减少误差。卫星定位的差分算法也是这个道理,一次定位的精度是10米,但把成千上万次的定位数据进行合并处理,就有可能得到更加精准的结果,甚至精确到毫米以下。
  很显然,测量的次数越多和时间越长则精度就越高,而建筑物的沉降和变形是缓慢的,正好可以利用这些特点来进行高精度测量。把北斗设备固定在建筑特上面,令它自动地接收定位信息,攒足了一个月的海量定位数据后进行差分计算,精度在毫米以下的定位数据就算出来了,这比人工测量方便和准确的多。
  很多偏远监测点是没有手机信号的,基于GPS的形变监测必须得人工采集,而使用北斗进行形变监测还有个好处就是数据可以直接通过北斗短信功能传回基地,给它安个太阳能板就齐活了,定位、差分解算、数据回传全部自动化。
  在地面设施的配合下,北斗的实时定位精度已经远远高于GPS,现在已经达到了80公里/小时情况下2厘米的精度,这就给另一种业务提供了技术手段,那就是基于北斗二代系统的无考官驾考。
  现在的倒车入库等驾考项目已经有电子监控了,压线就会报警,但路考还得有考官。以后的全部驾驶课目考试可能被北斗系统全面取代,在考试车上安装北斗接收机,无论是倒库还是路考,系统都会精确实时记录车辆轨迹,并自动评分,会比考官更严格和公正。
  10
  北斗二代的政府推广
  北斗二代是国字号工程,政府当然会推广,但推广的路子跟以前很不一样了。大约七八年前吧,手机上有了Wi-Fi功能,而中国政府觉得这个技术标准不好,于是 推出了国家自主知识产权的WAPI标准,试图以此取代Wi-Fi。其实并不是只有中国这么干,韩国也推出了自己的技术标准并抵制Wi-Fi。
  Wi- Fi技术简洁便于推广,这也是它风靡全球的重要原因,但它也有死穴,那就是单向的安全机制并不可靠。前阵子3.15晚会上有带眼罩的网络安全人员现场表演 了劫持观众手机信息,媒体也经常刊登手机用户接入免费Wi-Fi导致损失的报道,这都是Wi-Fi先天技术缺陷所致。
  中国的WAPI标准 是双向安全认证的,的确比Wi-Fi更安全,政府为了推广它而把行货手机的Wi-Fi功能阉割了,想要Wi-Fi功能的话只能买水货手机。此举引来很多人 的不满,但最终也没挡着Wi-Fi的流行,后来就低调放开了,行货手机上也有了Wi-Fi,而WAPI并没有推广开,现在只是在军队等有保密要求的场所使 用。韩国政府抵制Wi-Fi的行动也同样地失败了。
  中国政府在推广北斗二代方面显然有了新的思路,不再用行政力量去限制其竞争技术了,而 是采用免费或补助的方式来利诱,事实证明这招更加有效。例如渔船安装北斗设备,政府并不禁止渔民继续使用GPS和海事卫星电话,而在给北斗设备提供大量补 助,卫星短信也只是象征性地收费,明显北斗方案更划算,渔民当然会装北斗而弃用GPS和海事卫星电话。
  北斗二代有200多项应用,需要全 社会的高科技企业去研究开发,不断提供更好的北斗产品,这样才能把北斗产业做大做强。中国已经有了不少搞定位导航的高科技企业,它们大多是搞GPS起家 的,政府的科技部门请这些老总来开会,领导讲话言简意赅:欢迎各位继续搞GPS的研究开发,政府绝不会限制和干扰,但如果搞北斗二代项目的话,会享受高科 技企业的免税政策,还会从某处得到支持资金。
  北斗二代的技术体制与GPS差不多,由GPS转向北斗并不难,政府划下道了,企业老总都是人精,纷纷表态要改道搞北斗项目,政府的钱不拿白不拿。被请来开会的还有高校教授,领导又说了,政府有一笔北斗科研的经费,欢迎教授们来立项,教授们也纷纷 表示要申请北斗科研项目,谁忒么还傻乎乎地继续研究GPS啊,美国政府又不给钱。
  领导又说了,企业有资金设备的优势,高校有人材技术的优 势,不如强强联手,把教授带的研究生放在企业去做北斗科研,由企业出场地出设备出资金,研究生搞出的成果除了供他们毕业拿学位,还可作为该企业的技术创 新。企业老总和高校教授都觉得这个主意不错,于是在政府牵线下纷纷结起了对子,领导管这个叫作北斗产业推广联盟。
  政府推广新产业的路子变了,不再像推WAPI那样强行阉割Wi-Fi了,而是使用了利益杠杆,企业老总和高校教授都得了利,政府出面组建了产业联盟也是政绩,三方都很高兴。
  11
  国际电信联盟
  标准规范是电信业的第一要务,国际电信联盟就是负责制定国际电信规则和标准的国际组织,在信息化时代它的的地位越来越重要。国际电信联盟正在制定5G的关键 技术、频率范围和技术标准,这是一件影响到全球电信业发展的大事。除此之外,它还接收各国的卫星轨道和频率的申请,并进行备案和审批,这个国际组织具有非常重大的影响力。
  20多年前中国政府选拔了一名优秀的通信专业人士到国际电信联盟工作,他数十年如一日地勤恳工作,业绩斐然受人尊重,并一直干到了副秘书长的职位,并在新一届选举中成功地当选了秘书长,他就是赵厚麟。

  赵 厚麟2015年1月1日正式上任国际电信联盟秘书长,1月26日就被李克强接见了,公开报道的都是官样套话,什么国际电信联盟会支持中国的信息化发展啥 的,但李总理会见他肯定不是为了说几句客套话,想必是有事要交代,据我猜测最有可能的是要求赵厚麟在两件事上大力支持中国,一是5G二是北斗。
  赵厚麟虽然是中国人,但他所在的组织是为全世界服务的,在国际电信联盟官方网站的领导人介绍中,他们的履历没有国籍这一项,有的只是出生地,赵的出生地是江苏。
  有个江苏人在统管卫星轨道和频率的国际组织当一把手,即使我们不走后门不要特权,起码也不会像以前那样吃哑巴亏了,这当然是一件好事。中国政府对北斗二代的 决心很大,搞这种国字号工程的财力很足,对内的推广政策很有成效,对外积极谈合作已有成果,还有国际电信联盟的支持,占尽了天时地利人和,预计5000亿 的新产业正在浮出水面,北斗二代的前景非常乐观。


标签: 中国北斗卫星导航
 

Slim_10_Sg

Alfrescian
Loyal
bkncn-20170917151120043-0917_05011_001_01p.jpg


This is the user hand-held device receiver chip for BDS-3

This is latest, while the American GPS is about 30-40 years old technology. Chinese are launching BDS3 satellites this week, and selling this new chip including license fee to use BDS. They offer highest positional accuracy in the world globally, which can determine your location as precise as on which piece of floor tile you are standing in the Tian An Men Square (actually better than that because those tiles are huge). It is centimeter level and 10-cm level. American military P-CODE GSP accuracy is about 2~3 meter sufficient for a soccer goal pole.

Chinese fishermen had been given subsidized BDS-1 & BDS-2 systems previously, and enjoying RMB$0.30 per sms services which they are using daily by millions of messages, BDS-3 will be better and upgrading is expected. American GPS can not be used for civilian SMS, but the Pentagon can use it to detect ICBM launched by e.g. Kim Bong Nuke, using a thermal sensor on GSP satellites.

Russian and Chinese are already fully jointed in their BDS 7 GLONASS system cooperation, their systems are already merging together.

https://sputniknews.com/world/201701171049680336-russia-china-satellite-navigation/
[h=1]Russia, China Work on Joint High-Precision Satellite Navigation System[/h]
© Sputnik/ Sergey Pyatakov
World

Russia and China are setting up a joint Differential Corrections and Monitoring (SDCM) high-precision satellite navigation system, China National Space Administration (CNSA) chief representative in Russia Zhang Yuan said Tuesday.

1049628196.jpg

© Sputnik/
Russia-China Joint Space Studies Center May Be Created in Southeastern Russia

MOSCOW (Sputnik) — Russia and China are in the process of setting up a joint Differential Corrections and Monitoring (SDCM) high-precision satellite navigation system, China National Space Administration (CNSA) chief representative in Russia Zhang Yuan said Tuesday. "We are not in the process of implementing [the system]," Zhang told RIA Novosti in response to a question on the time frame for building the system's first six ground stations.
Plans for the system were first mentioned in 2015. In September, the Russian Space Systems (RSS) company said talks were ongoing. RSS deputy head engineer Grigory Stupak said that high precision would be achieved by expanding the two countries' network of SDCM system stations working with the Russian Glonass and Chinese BeiDou satellite navigation systems.


© CASC/China Ministry of Defense
China Hopes for Cooperation With Russia on Construction of Space Station

The system, intended for use by the BRICS group of countries and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, is planned to have a positioning accuracy of around 1 meter (3.3 feet) and will start with the creation of three Russian stations in China and three Chinese stations in Russia. Further 46 SDCM ground stations are planned to be constructed in Russia and eight more on its neighboring countries' territories. The Glonass project, which was launched in 1993, is operated by the Russian Aerospace Forces and consists of 27 satellites, 24 of which are operational. The system allows real-time positioning and speed data for surface, sea and airborne objects around the world.
BeiDou currently provides navigation services within China and the neighboring regions. After completion, the project would become an equivalent of GPS, Glonass and Europe's Galileo.
In May last year, China and Russia signed the BeiDou-Glonass system compatibility and interoperability cooperation agreement, marking a new stage of navigation cooperation between the two countries.
 

kryonlight

Alfrescian (Inf)
Asset
Giving you an educational update to current technological facts. Or else you are out-dated and obsolete. Your brain will expire.

Get over it! Nobody is going to use commie chink technology. I won't even use Alipay! Full of security holes!
 

Slim_10_Sg

Alfrescian
Loyal
Get over it! Nobody is going to use commie chink technology. I won't even use Alipay! Full of security holes!

The Ang Moh not only credit cards had been hacked exploited and plundered on huge scales and daily basis, their other payment security issues are countless, exceeded Asian system by 1000X

For educational updates check which are Ang Moh's:


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_breaches
[h=1]List of data breaches[/h] From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For a broader coverage related to this topic, see Data breach.
This is a list of data breaches, using data compiled from various sources, including press reports, government news releases and mainstream news articles. The list includes those involving the theft or compromise of 30,000 or more records, although many more smaller breaches occur continually. Breaches of large organizations where the number of records is still unknown are also listed. The various methods used in the breaches are also listed, with hacking being the most common.
Most breaches occur in North America. It is estimated that the average cost of a data breach will be over $150 million by 2020, with the global annual cost forecast to be $2.1 trillion.[SUP][1][/SUP][SUP][2][/SUP] It is estimated that in 2015 alone, 707 million records were exposed as a result of data breaches.[SUP][3][/SUP] Vigilante.pw lists over 2,100 websites which have had their databases breached, containing over 2 billion user entries in total.
EntityYearRecordsOrganization typeMethodSources
Equifax 2017143,000,000financial, credit reportinghackedhttps://www.cnet.com/news/equifax-data-leak-hits-nearly-half-of-the-us-population/
21st Century Oncology20162,200,000healthcarehacked[SUP][4][/SUP][SUP][5][/SUP]
Accendo Insurance Co.2011175,350healthcarepoor security[SUP][6][/SUP][SUP][7][/SUP]
Adobe Systems2013152,000,000techhacked[SUP][8][/SUP][SUP][9][/SUP]
Advocate Medical Group20134,000,000healthcarelost / stolen media[SUP][10][/SUP][SUP][11][/SUP]
Affinity Health Plan, Inc.2009344,579healthcarelost / stolen media[SUP][12][/SUP]
Ameritrade2005200,000financiallost / stolen media[SUP][13][/SUP]
Ankle & Foot Center of Tampa Bay, Inc.2010156,000healthcarehacked[SUP][14][/SUP]
Anthem Inc.201580,000,000healthcarehacked[SUP][15][/SUP]
AOL200492,000,000webinside job, hacked[SUP][16][/SUP][SUP][17][/SUP]
AOL200620,000,000webaccidentally published[SUP][18][/SUP]
AOL20142,400,000webhacked[SUP][19][/SUP]
Apple, Inc./BlueToad201212,367,232tech, retailaccidentally published[SUP][20][/SUP]
Apple2013275,000techhacked[SUP][21][/SUP]
Apple Health Medicaid201691,000healthcarepoor security[SUP][22][/SUP]
Ashley Madison201532,000,000webhacked[SUP][23][/SUP]
AT&T2008113,000telecomslost / stolen computer[SUP][24][/SUP]
AT&T2010114,000telecomshacked[SUP][25][/SUP]
Auction.co.kr200818,000,000webhacked[SUP][26][/SUP]
Australian Immigration Department2015G20 world leadersgovernmentaccidentally published[SUP][27][/SUP]
Automatic Data Processing2005125,000financialpoor security[SUP][28][/SUP]
AvMed, Inc.20091,220,000healthcarelost / stolen computer[SUP][29][/SUP]
Bailey's Inc.2015250,000retailhacked[SUP][30][/SUP]
Barnes & Noble201263 storesretailhacked[SUP][31][/SUP][SUP][32][/SUP]
Bedford/St. Martin's2012-2014unknownretailunknown[SUP][33][/SUP]
Betfair20102,300,000webhacked[SUP][24][/SUP]
Bethesda Game Studios2011200,000gaminghacked[SUP][34][/SUP]
Blizzard Entertainment201214,000,000gaming
hacked[SUP][35][/SUP][SUP][36][/SUP]
BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee20091,023,209healthcarelost / stolen media[SUP][37][/SUP]
The Bank of New York Mellon200812,500,000financiallost / stolen media[SUP][38][/SUP]
British Airways2015tens of thousandsretailhacked[SUP][39][/SUP]
California Department of Child Support Services2012800,000governmentlost / stolen media[SUP][24][/SUP][SUP][40][/SUP]
CardSystems Solutions Inc. (MasterCard, Visa, Discover Financial Services and American Express)
200540,000,000financial
hacked[SUP][41][/SUP][SUP][42][/SUP]
CareFirst BlueCross Blue Shield - Maryland20151,100,000healthcarehacked[SUP][43][/SUP]
Central Coast Credit Union201660,000financialhacked[SUP][44][/SUP]
Central Hudson Gas & Electric2013110,000energyhacked[SUP][45][/SUP]
CheckFree Corporation20095,000,000financialhacked[SUP][46][/SUP]
China Software Developer Network20116,000,000webhacked[SUP][47][/SUP]
Chinese gaming websites (three: Duowan, 7K7K, 178.com)201110,000,000webhacked[SUP][48][/SUP]
Citigroup20053,900,000financiallost / stolen media[SUP][49][/SUP]
Citigroup2011360,083financialhacked[SUP][50][/SUP]
Citigroup2013150,000financialpoor security[SUP][51][/SUP]
City and Hackney Teaching Primary Care Trust2007160,000governmentlost / stolen media[SUP][52][/SUP]
Colorado government2010105,470healthcarelost / stolen computer[SUP][53][/SUP]
Community Health Systems20144,500,000healthcarehacked[SUP][54][/SUP]
Commission on Elections201655,000,000governmenthacked
Compass Bank20071,000,000financialinside job[SUP][24][/SUP][SUP][55][/SUP]
Countrywide Financial Corp20062,600,000financialinside job[SUP][24][/SUP]
Countrywide Financial Corp20112,500,000financialinside job[SUP][56][/SUP]
Cox Communications201640,000telecomshacked[SUP][57][/SUP]
Crescent Health Inc., Walgreens2013100,000healthcarelost / stolen computer[SUP][45][/SUP][SUP][58][/SUP]
CVS2015millionsretailhacked[SUP][59][/SUP]
Dai Nippon Printing20078,637,405retailinside job[SUP][60][/SUP]
Data Processors International
(MasterCard, Visa, Discover Financial Services and American Express)
20088,000,000financialhacked[SUP][61][/SUP]
Democratic National Committee201619,252political[SUP][62][/SUP]
Department of Homeland Security201630,000governmentpoor security[SUP][63][/SUP][SUP][64][/SUP]
Domino's Pizza (France)2014600,000webhacked[SUP][65][/SUP]
Driving Standards Agency20073,000,000governmentlost / stolen media[SUP][66][/SUP]
Dropbox2012unknownwebhacked[SUP][67][/SUP]
Drupal20131,000,000webhacked[SUP][68][/SUP]
Dun & Bradstreet20131,000,000tech
hacked[SUP][69][/SUP][SUP][70][/SUP]
eBay2014145,000,000webhacked[SUP][71][/SUP]
Educational Credit Management Corporation20103,300,000financiallost / stolen media[SUP][72][/SUP]
Eisenhower Medical Center2011514,330healthcarelost / stolen computer[SUP][73][/SUP]
Embassy Cables2010251,000governmentinside job[SUP][74][/SUP]
Emergency Healthcare Physicians, Ltd.2010180,111healthcarelost / stolen media[SUP][73][/SUP][SUP][75][/SUP]
Emory Healthcare2012315,000healthcarepoor security[SUP][73][/SUP]
Erie County Medical Center2017unknownhealthcarepoor security[SUP][76][/SUP]
European Central Bank2014unknownfinancialhacked[SUP][77][/SUP][SUP][78][/SUP]
Evernote201350,000,000webhacked[SUP][79][/SUP][SUP][80][/SUP]
Excellus BlueCross BlueShield201510,000,000healthcarehacked[SUP][81][/SUP]
Experian - T-Mobile US201515,000,000telecomshacked[SUP][82][/SUP][SUP][83][/SUP]
EyeWire2016unknowntech
lost / stolen computer[SUP][84][/SUP]
Facebook20136,000,000webaccidentally published[SUP][85][/SUP]
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland2010400,000financialhacked[SUP][24][/SUP]
Fidelity National Information Services20078,500,000financialinside job[SUP][86][/SUP]
Florida Department of Juvenile Justice2013100,000governmentlost / stolen computer[SUP][45][/SUP]
Friend Finder Networks2016412,214,295webpoor security / hacked[SUP][87][/SUP][SUP][88][/SUP]
Formspring2012420,000webaccidentally published[SUP][89][/SUP]
Gamigo20128,000,000webhacked[SUP][90][/SUP]
Gap Inc.2007800,000retaillost / stolen computer[SUP][91][/SUP]
Gawker20101,500,000webhacked[SUP][92][/SUP][SUP][93][/SUP]
Global Payments20127,000,000financialhacked[SUP][94][/SUP]
Gmail20145,000,000webhacked[SUP][95][/SUP]
Greek government20129,000,000governmenthacked[SUP][96][/SUP]
Grozio Chirurgija201725,000healthcarehacked[SUP][97][/SUP][SUP][98][/SUP][SUP][99][/SUP]
GS Caltex200811,100,000energyinside job[SUP][100][/SUP][SUP][101][/SUP]
Gyft2016unknownwebhacked[SUP][102][/SUP][SUP][103][/SUP]
Hannaford Brothers Supermarket Chain20074,200,000retailhacked[SUP][104][/SUP]
Harbortouch20154,200 storesrestaurant, retailhacked[SUP][105][/SUP]
Health Net2009500,000healthcarelost / stolen media[SUP][106][/SUP]
Health NetIBM20111,900,000healthcarelost / stolen media[SUP][107][/SUP]
Heartland2009130,000,000financialhacked[SUP][108][/SUP][SUP][109][/SUP]
Hewlett Packard2006200,000tech, retaillost / stolen media[SUP][110][/SUP]
Hilton Hotels2015unknownhotelhacked[SUP][111][/SUP]
Home Depot201456,000,000retailhacked[SUP][112][/SUP]
Honda Canada2011283,000retailpoor security[SUP][113][/SUP]
Hyatt Hotels2015250 locationshotelhacked[SUP][114][/SUP][SUP][115][/SUP]
Internal Revenue Service2015720,000financialhacked[SUP][116][/SUP][SUP][117][/SUP]
Inuvik hospital20166,700healthcareinside job[SUP][118][/SUP]
Iranian banks (three: Saderat, Eghtesad Novin, and Saman)20123,000,000financialhacked[SUP][119][/SUP]
Jefferson County, West Virginia20081,600,000government
accidentally published[SUP][24][/SUP][SUP][120][/SUP]
JP Morgan Chase20102,600,000financiallost / stolen media[SUP][121][/SUP]
JP Morgan Chase201476,000,000financialhacked[SUP][122][/SUP]
KDDI20064,000,000telecomshacked[SUP][123][/SUP]
Kirkwood Community College2013125,000academichacked[SUP][45][/SUP][SUP][124][/SUP]
KM.RU20161,500,000webhacked[SUP][125][/SUP]
Korea Credit Bureau201420,000,000financialinside job[SUP][126][/SUP]
Kroll Background America20131,000,000techhacked[SUP][69][/SUP][SUP][70][/SUP]
KT Corporation20128,700,000telecomshacked[SUP][127][/SUP][SUP][128][/SUP]
LexisNexis20141,000,000techhacked[SUP][69][/SUP][SUP][70][/SUP]
Landry's, Inc.2015500 locationsrestauranthacked[SUP][129][/SUP][SUP][130][/SUP]
Lincoln Medical & Mental Health Center2010130,495healthcarelost / stolen media[SUP][73][/SUP][SUP][131][/SUP]
LinkedIn, eHarmony, Last.fm20128,000,000webaccidentally published[SUP][132][/SUP][SUP][133][/SUP]
Living Social201350,000,000webhacked[SUP][134][/SUP][SUP][135][/SUP]
MacRumours.com2014860,000webhacked[SUP][136][/SUP]
Mandarin Oriental Hotels201410 locationshotelhacked[SUP][137][/SUP][SUP][138][/SUP]
Massachusetts Government2011210,000governmentpoor security[SUP][24][/SUP]
Massive American business hack
including 7-Eleven and Nasdaq
2012160,000,000financialhacked[SUP][139][/SUP]
Medicaid2012780,000government, healthcarehacked[SUP][24][/SUP]
Medical Informatics Engineering20153,900,000healthcarehacked[SUP][140][/SUP]
Memorial Healthcare System2011102,153healthcarelost / stolen media[SUP][73][/SUP]
Michaels20143,000,000retailhacked[SUP][141][/SUP]
Militarysingles.com2012163,792web, militaryaccidentally published[SUP][142][/SUP]
Ministry of Education (Chile)20086,000,000governmentaccidentally published[SUP][143][/SUP][SUP][144][/SUP]
Monster.com20071,600,000webhacked[SUP][145][/SUP]
Morgan Stanley Smith Barney201134,000financiallost / stolen media[SUP][24][/SUP]
Mozilla201476,000webpoor security[SUP][146][/SUP]
NASDAQ2014unknownfinancialhacked[SUP][147][/SUP]
Natural Grocers201593 storesretailhacked[SUP][148][/SUP]
Neiman Marcus20141,100,000retailhacked[SUP][149][/SUP][SUP][150][/SUP]
Nemours Foundation20111,055,489healthcarelost / stolen media[SUP][73][/SUP][SUP][151][/SUP]
Network Solutions2009573,000techhacked[SUP][152][/SUP][SUP][153][/SUP]
New York City Health & Hospitals Corp.20101,700,000healthcarelost / stolen media[SUP][73][/SUP]
New York State Electric & Gas20121,800,000energyinside job[SUP][24][/SUP]
New York Taxis201452,000transport
poor security[SUP][154][/SUP]
Nexon Korea Corp201113,200,000webhacked[SUP][155][/SUP]
NHS20118,300,000healthcarelost / stolen media[SUP][156][/SUP]
Nintendo2013240,000gaminghacked[SUP][157][/SUP]
Nival Networks20161,500,000gaminghacked[SUP][125][/SUP]
Norwegian Tax Administration20083,950,000governmentaccidentally published[SUP][158][/SUP]
Ofcom2016unknowntelecominside job[SUP][159][/SUP]
Office of Personnel Management201521,500,000governmenthacked[SUP][160][/SUP][SUP][161][/SUP]
Office of the Texas Attorney General20126,500,000governmentaccidentally published[SUP][162][/SUP]
Ohio State University2010760,000academichacked[SUP][24][/SUP]
Oregon Department of Transportation2011unknowngovernmentpoor security[SUP][24][/SUP]
OVH2013undisclosedwebhacked[SUP][163][/SUP]
Premera201511,000,000healthcarehacked[SUP][164][/SUP]
Puerto Rico Department of Health2010515,000healthcarehacked[SUP][73][/SUP]
Rambler.ru201298,167,935webhacked[SUP][165][/SUP][SUP][166][/SUP]
RBS Worldpay20081,500,000financialhacked[SUP][167][/SUP]
Restaurant Depot2011200,000retailhacked[SUP][24][/SUP]
RockYou!200932,000,000web, gaminghacked[SUP][168][/SUP]
Rosen Hotels2016unknownhotelhacked[SUP][169][/SUP]
San Francisco Public Utilities Commission2011180,000governmenthacked[SUP][170][/SUP]
Scottrade20154,600,000financialhacked[SUP][171][/SUP]
Scribd2013500,000webhacked[SUP][172][/SUP][SUP][173][/SUP]
Seacoast Radiology, PA2010231,400healthcarehacked[SUP][73][/SUP][SUP][174][/SUP]
Sega20111,290,755gaminghacked[SUP][175][/SUP]
Service Personnel and Veterans Agency (UK)200850,500governmentlost / stolen media[SUP][176][/SUP]
Slack2015500,000techpoor security[SUP][177][/SUP]
SnapChat20134,700,000web, techhacked[SUP][178][/SUP]
Sony Online Entertainment201124,600,000gaminghacked[SUP][179][/SUP][SUP][180][/SUP]
Sony Pictures20111,000,000webhacked[SUP][181][/SUP]
Sony Pictures2014100 terabytesmediahacked[SUP][182][/SUP]
Sony PlayStation Network201177,000,000gaminghacked[SUP][183][/SUP]
South Africa police201316,000governmenthacked[SUP][184][/SUP]
South Carolina Government20126,400,000healthcareinside job[SUP][73][/SUP][SUP][185][/SUP]
South Shore Hospital, Massachusetts2010800,000healthcarelost / stolen media[SUP][24][/SUP]
Southern California Medical-Legal Consultants2011300,000healthcarehacked[SUP][24][/SUP]
Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System2011400,000healthcarelost / stolen computer[SUP][73][/SUP][SUP][186][/SUP]
Stanford University200872,000academiclost / stolen computer[SUP][24][/SUP][SUP][187][/SUP]
Starbucks200897,000retaillost / stolen computer[SUP][24][/SUP]
Starwood Hotels
including Westin Hotels and Sheraton Hotels
201554 locationshotelhacked[SUP][188][/SUP][SUP][189][/SUP]
State of Texas20113,500,000governmentaccidentally published[SUP][190][/SUP]
Steam201135,000,000webhacked[SUP][191][/SUP]
Stratfor2011935,000militaryaccidentally published[SUP][192][/SUP]
Supervalu2014200 storesretailhacked[SUP][193][/SUP]
Sutter Medical Center20114,243,434healthcarelost / stolen computer[SUP][73][/SUP][SUP][194][/SUP]
Syrian government (Syria Files)20122,434,899governmenthacked[SUP][195][/SUP][SUP][196][/SUP]
Taobao201620,000,000retailhacked[SUP][197][/SUP]
Taringa201728,722,877webhacked[SUP][198][/SUP]
Target Corporation201470,000,000retailhacked[SUP][199][/SUP][SUP][200][/SUP]
TaxSlayer.com2016unknownwebhacked[SUP][201][/SUP]
TD Ameritrade20076,300,000financialhacked[SUP][202][/SUP]
TD Bank2012260,000financialhacked[SUP][203][/SUP][SUP][204][/SUP]
TerraCom & YourTel2013170,000telecomsaccidentally published[SUP][205][/SUP][SUP][206][/SUP]
Texas Lottery200789,000governmentinside job[SUP][24][/SUP]
Tianya Club201128,000,000webhacked[SUP][207][/SUP]
TK / TJ Maxx200794,000,000retailhacked[SUP][208][/SUP][SUP][209][/SUP]
T-Mobile, Deutsche Telecom200617,000,000telecomslost / stolen media[SUP][210][/SUP]
Tricare20114,901,432military, healthcarelost / stolen computer[SUP][24][/SUP]
Triple-S Salud, Inc.2010398,000healthcarelost / stolen media[SUP][73][/SUP]
Trump Hotels20148 locationshotelhacked[SUP][211][/SUP][SUP][212][/SUP]
Tumblr201365,469,298webhacked[SUP][213][/SUP]
Twitch.tv2015unknowntechhacked[SUP][214][/SUP]
Twitter2013250,000webhacked[SUP][215][/SUP]
Uber201450,000techpoor security[SUP][216][/SUP]
Ubisoft2013unknowngaminghacked[SUP][217][/SUP]
Ubuntu20132,000,000techhacked[SUP][218][/SUP]
UK Home Office200884,000governmentlost / stolen media[SUP][219][/SUP]
UK Ministry of Defence20081,700,000governmentlost / stolen media[SUP][220][/SUP]
UK Revenue & Customs200725,000,000governmentlost / stolen media[SUP][221][/SUP]
University of California, Berkeley2009160,000academichacked
[SUP][222][/SUP]
University of California, Berkeley201680,000academichacked[SUP][223][/SUP]
University of Maryland, College Park2014300,000academichacked[SUP][224][/SUP]
UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica20154,500,000healthcarehacked[SUP][225][/SUP]
University of Central Florida201663,000academichacked
[SUP][226][/SUP]
University of Miami20082,100,000academiclost / stolen computer[SUP][24][/SUP]
University of Utah Hospital & Clinics20082,200,000academiclost / stolen media[SUP][24][/SUP]
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee201173,000academichacked[SUP][24][/SUP]
UPS201451 locationsretailhacked[SUP][227][/SUP]
U.S. Army201150,000militaryaccidentally published[SUP][24][/SUP]
U.S. Army
(classified Iraq War documents)
2010392,000governmentinside job
[SUP][228][/SUP]
U.S. Department of Defense200972,000militarylost / stolen media
[SUP][24][/SUP]
U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs200626,500,000government, militarylost / stolen computer[SUP][229][/SUP]
U.S. law enforcement (70 different agencies)2011123,461governmentaccidentally published[SUP][230][/SUP]
National Archives and Records Administration (U.S. military veterans' records)200976,000,000militarylost / stolen media[SUP][231][/SUP]
U.S. government (United States diplomatic cables leak)2010260,000militaryinside job[SUP][232][/SUP]
National Guard of the United States2009131,000militarylost / stolen computer[SUP][24][/SUP]
Verizon Communications20161,500,000telecomshacked[SUP][233][/SUP]
Virginia Department of Health20098,257,378government, healthcarehacked[SUP][24][/SUP]
Virginia Prescription Monitoring Program2009531,400healthcarehacked[SUP][24][/SUP]
Vodafone20132,000,000telecomsinside job[SUP][234][/SUP]
VTech20155,000,000retailhacked[SUP][235][/SUP]
Walmart2015millionsretailhacked[SUP][59][/SUP]
Washington Post20111,270,000mediahacked[SUP][236][/SUP]
Washington State court system2013160,000governmenthacked[SUP][237][/SUP][SUP][238][/SUP]
Weebly201643,430,316webhacked[SUP][239][/SUP][SUP][240][/SUP][SUP][241][/SUP]
Wendy's2015unknownrestauranthacked[SUP][242][/SUP][SUP][243][/SUP]
Writerspace.com201162,000webhacked[SUP][244][/SUP]
Yahoo20131,000,000,000webhacked[SUP][245][/SUP]
Yahoo2014500,000,000webhacked[SUP][246][/SUP][SUP][247][/SUP][SUP][248][/SUP][SUP][249][/SUP][SUP][250][/SUP]
Yahoo Japan201322,000,000tech, webhacked[SUP][251][/SUP]
Yahoo! Voices2012450,000webhacked[SUP][252][/SUP][SUP][253][/SUP]
Yale University201043,000academicaccidentally published[SUP][24][/SUP]
Zappos201224,000,000webhacked[SUP][254][/SUP]
Bank of America20051,200,000financiallost / stolen media[SUP][255][/SUP]
DSW Inc.20051,400,000retailhacked[SUP][256][/SUP]
[h=2][/h]
 

eatshitndie

Alfrescian (Inf)
Asset
unfortunately your brand new iphone will not be supporting this. it supports only tested, tried and true positioning systems such as american gps, russian glonass, european galileo, and the jap qzss. no tiong tech is trusted.
 

taksinloong

Alfrescian
Loyal
unfortunately your brand new iphone will not be supporting this. it supports only tested, tried and true positioning systems such as american gps, russian glonass, european galileo, and the jap qzss. no tiong tech is trusted.

Coming the newer models in future will fix the new chip inside.
 

tanwahtiu

Alfrescian
Loyal
U still like smoke BE pommies opium brand. Empire brand.

unfortunately your brand new iphone will not be supporting this. it supports only tested, tried and true positioning systems such as american gps, russian glonass, european galileo, and the jap qzss. no tiong tech is trusted.
 

kryonlight

Alfrescian (Inf)
Asset
The Ang Moh not only credit cards had been hacked exploited and plundered on huge scales and daily basis, their other payment security issues are countless, exceeded Asian system by 1000X

I would rather be exploited and plundered by ang mohs than be exploited and plundered by commie chinks. PM Lee should think twice before adopting the commie chinks' stupid QR codes which is actually a Japanese invention that was never intended to be used for mobile payments.

QR code scams rise in China, putting e-payment security in spotlight

By replacing legitimate merchants’ codes with malevolent copies, fraudsters can gain access to consumers’ data and even raid their bank accounts

It may look harmless enough, with its random pattern of tiny black squares on a white grid, but the next time you scan one of China’s ubiquitous QR codes, you could end up seriously out of pocket.

Because the seemingly innocuous barcode may be hiding malevolent software ready to latch itself onto your smartphone and drain your bank account.

A recent spate of scams involving QR codes – or quick response codes – has shone a spotlight on the issue of security in mobile payments and sparked calls for the authorities to do more to protect consumers.

In Guangdong province, about 90 million yuan (US$13 million) has reportedly been stolen via QR code scams, according to a report this month in the Southern Metropolis Daily.

According to other Chinese news reports, policemen in Foshan, a city in the same province, recently arrested a man on suspicion of pocketing 900,000 yuan through QR code frauds.

The suspect had replaced legitimate codes created by merchants with fake ones embedded with a virus programmed to steal the personal information of consumers.

Scammers have also been profiting handsomely from the mainland’s multibillion dollar bike-sharing industry. By replacing the original QR code used to unlock the bicycle with a fake one, they have been able to cheat users into transferring their money into their own bank accounts.

The proliferation of this type of crime has been made possible by the explosion of mobile payments in China, as the concept of a cashless society moves ever closer to becoming a reality.

Nowhere is this shift more evident than in the abundance of QR codes – a type of barcode, or machine-readable image – that allow consumers to make small payments by simply scanning the image and confirming the transaction.

QR codes were invented in 1994 by Denso Wave, a unit of Japan’s largest automotive parts maker, to allow for quick scanning when tracking vehicles during the assembly process. From the car factory, the codes later spread to broader usage, encompassing everything from consumer purchases to social media. Visitors to Japan get a sticker with their personal details embedded in QR.

Unfortunately for the unsuspecting consumer and law enforcement agencies, QR codes are easily penetrated and manipulated, and cannot be verified as genuine by the human eye. These two factors have made the cybercriminals’ task that much easier.

According to one senior official and technology expert, almost a quarter of Trojans – malicious programmes disguised as benign software – and other viruses are transmitted though QR codes.

Speaking at the National People’s Congress in Beijing earlier this month, deputy Liu Qingfeng, chairman of voice recognition cloud service provider iFlytek, advised regulators to tighten their oversight of QR codes by bringing them under the scope of the National Security Law.

“Currently, over 23 per cent of Trojans and viruses are transmitted via QR codes. The [difficulty] threshold to make QR codes is so low that fraudsters could implant Trojans and viruses into a QR code very easily,” said Liu. “On the other hand, consumers cannot verify the authenticity of QR codes by eye and are therefore prone to be deceived if criminals paste their fake code over the original one.”

Although the emergence of QR codes had greatly encouraged consumption, he said, the recent scams have stymied people’s willingness to adopt the technology.

To make detection and enforcement even harder, several websites exist that offer do-it-yourself QR codes, which essentially enable anybody -- including scammers with malevolent intent -- to create a short cut.

Regulators should step up their supervision of the usage of QR codes by adopting a ‘real-name rule’ – a requirement that anyone producing one register their real identity – and strengthening punishment for illegal acts, added Liu.

The security of QR codes has long been an issue in the mainland.

In March 2014, the People’s Bank of China temporarily banned payments made by scanning QR codes with mobile devices after Alibaba and Tencent announced plans to launch “virtual credit cards” – an innovative mobile payment method based on QR codes seen as an alternative to traditional credit cards – citing concerns over their security.

As the two major third-party payment methods in China, Alipay and WeChat Pay have invariably borne the blame whenever a QR code scam has occurred.
 

Slim_10_Sg

Alfrescian
Loyal
I would rather be exploited and plundered by ang mohs than be exploited and plundered by commie chinks. PM Lee should think twice before adopting the commie chinks' stupid QR codes which is actually a Japanese invention that was never intended to be used for mobile payments.

QR code scams rise in China, putting e-payment security in spotlight
.

The proper ways of using are always secured. There are lazy shortcuts used by typically SMALL STALLS & SHOPS using a poster / sticker to let customer scan, and they are the only ones got exploited - not the customers!

When I received payments I display my QR codes directly on my handphone screen to let people scan. When properly setup shop / restaurants do it, they have a payment terminal instead of using a poster or wall sticker. These way won't get exploited.

The only exploit common is when QR codes are displayed on posters or wall sticker to receive payments, to let some thief overlay another sticker of same or slightly larger size - of his own account, and still so blur fuck unaware, then the payment will go to the thief.

These are not smart thief either, and just very desperate because they got caught too fast in China, that 公安 will ZAP his account and track his position within hours, no escape with hard evidence of crime. Small gain quick money leading to jail time, what for?
 
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