The urban heat island (UHI) effect is most pronounced at night, with urban areas retaining more heat than surrounding rural areas. This is because buildings, roads, and other urban surfaces absorb solar radiation during the day and release it slowly at night, preventing urban areas from cooling down as much as rural areas.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
Daytime Absorption:
During the day, urban surfaces like concrete, asphalt, and buildings absorb a significant amount of solar radiation.
Delayed Release:
Unlike rural areas with vegetation that reflects sunlight and releases moisture, urban areas retain this absorbed heat and release it slowly at night.
Reduced Cooling:
This delayed release of heat prevents urban areas from cooling down as much as rural areas, leading to a noticeable temperature difference, especially at night.
Factors Influencing UHI:
The intensity of the UHI effect is influenced by factors like wind speed (weaker winds amplify the effect), cloud cover (clear skies intensify the effect), and the urban structure itself (taller buildings and narrow streets trap heat).
Impacts:
The UHI effect can lead to increased energy consumption for cooling, public health issues due to heat stress, and strain on infrastructure.
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The scale of the effect:
Temperature differences can range from a few degrees Celsius to over 10°C, according to Siradel.
Specific examples:
Cities like London, Paris, and Singapore experience significant UHI effects.
Mitigation strategies:
Solutions include increasing green infrastructure (trees, green roofs), using lighter-colored surfaces, and improving building insulation.