Time for a smoke? One cigarette reduces your life by 11 minutes

BMJ. 2000 January 1; 320(7226): 53. PMCID: PMC1117323

Time for a smoke? One cigarette reduces your life by 11 minutes
Mary Shaw, Economic and Social Research Council research fellow
Richard Mitchell, research fellow
Danny Dorling, reader

Editor—Studies investigating the impact on mortality of socioeconomic and lifestyle factors such as smoking tend to report death rates, death rate ratios, odds ratios, or the chances of smokers reaching different ages. These findings may also be converted into differences in life expectancy. We estimated how much life is lost in smoking one cigarette.

Our calculation is for men only and based on the difference in life expectancy between male smokers and non-smokers and an estimate of the total number of cigarettes a regular male smoker might consume in his lifetime. We derived the difference in life expectancy for smokers and non-smokers by using mortality ratios from the study of Doll et al of 34 000 male doctors over 40 years.1 The relative death rates of smokers compared with non-smokers were threefold for men aged 45-64 and twofold for those aged 65-84,1 as corroborated elsewhere.2 Average life expectancy from birth for the whole population or subgroups can be derived from life tables. Applying the rates of Doll et al to the latest interim life tables for men in England and Wales, with adjustment for the proportion of smokers and non-smokers in each five year age group,3 we found a difference in life expectancy between smokers and non-smokers of 6.5 years.

We used the proportion of smokers by age group, the median age of starting smoking, and the average number of cigarettes smoked per week in the 1996 general household survey.4 We calculated that if a man smokes the average number of cigarettes a year (5772) from the median starting age of 17 until his death at the age of 71 he will consume a total of 311 688 cigarettes in his lifetime.

If we then assume that each cigarette makes the same contribution to his death, each cigarette has cost him, on average, 11 minutes of life:

6.5 years=2374 days, 56 976 hours, or 3 418 560 minutes

5772 cigarettes per year for 54 years=311 688 cigarettes

3 418 560/311 688=11 minutes per cigarette.

This calculation is admittedly crude—it relies on averages, assumes that the health effects of smoking are evenly spread throughout a smoker's lifetime, presupposes that the number of cigarettes smoked throughout a lifetime is constant, and ignores the difficulties in classifying people as either lifetime smokers or non-smokers.5 However, it shows the high cost of smoking in a way that everyone can understand.

The first day of the year is traditionally a time when many smokers try to stop, and on 1 January 2000 a record number might be expected to try to start the new millennium more healthily. The fact that each cigarette they smoke reduces their life by 11 minutes may spur them on. The table shows some better uses for the time they save.


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1117323/


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<img src='http://www-tc.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/files/2010/05/BE0481081.jpg'>

Puff.Puff. You were saying?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill
Churchill typically smoked between eight and 10 cigars per day. He died at his London home nine days later, at age 90, on the morning of Sunday 24 January 1965, 70 years to the day after his father's death.

[h=1]Tobacco[/h] Fact sheet N°339
Updated July 2013

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[h=3]Key facts[/h]

• Tobacco kills up to half of its users.
• Tobacco kills nearly 6 million people each year. More than five million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while more than 600 000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. Unless urgent action is taken, the annual death toll could rise to more than eight million by 2030.
• Nearly 80% of the world's one billion smokers live in low- and middle-income countries.
• Consumption of tobacco products is increasing globally, though it is decreasing in some high-income and upper middle-income countries.

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[h=3]Leading cause of death, illness and impoverishment[/h] The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced, killing nearly six million people a year. More than five million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while more than 600 000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. Approximately one person dies every six seconds due to tobacco, accounting for one in 10 adult deaths. Up to half of current users will eventually die of a tobacco-related disease.
Nearly 80% of the more than one billion smokers worldwide live in low- and middle-income countries, where the burden of tobacco-related illness and death is heaviest.
Tobacco users who die prematurely deprive their families of income, raise the cost of health care and hinder economic development.
In some countries, children from poor households are frequently employed in tobacco farming to provide family income. These children are especially vulnerable to "green tobacco sickness", which is caused by the nicotine that is absorbed through the skin from the handling of wet tobacco leaves.
[h=3]Gradual killer[/h] Because there is a lag of several years between when people start using tobacco and when their health suffers, the epidemic of tobacco-related disease and death has just begun.
Tobacco caused 100 million deaths in the 20th century. If current trends continue, it may cause one billion deaths in the 21st century.
Unchecked, tobacco-related deaths will increase to more than eight million per year by 2030. More than 80% of those deaths will be in low- and middle-income countries.
[h=3]Surveillance is key[/h] Good monitoring tracks the extent and character of the tobacco epidemic and indicates how best to tailor policies. Only one in four countries, representing just over a third of the world's population, monitor tobacco use by repeating nationally representative youth and adult surveys at least once every five years.
[h=3]Second-hand smoke kills[/h] Second-hand smoke is the smoke that fills restaurants, offices or other enclosed spaces when people burn tobacco products such as cigarettes, bidis and water pipes. There are more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, of which at least 250 are known to be harmful and more than 50 are known to cause cancer.
There is no safe level of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke.

• In adults, second-hand smoke causes serious cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including coronary heart disease and lung cancer. In infants, it causes sudden death. In pregnant women, it causes low birth weight.
• Almost half of children regularly breathe air polluted by tobacco smoke in public places.
• Over 40% of children have at least one smoking parent.
• Second-hand smoke causes more than 600 000 premature deaths per year.
• In 2004, children accounted for 28% of the deaths attributable to second-hand smoke.

Every person should be able to breathe tobacco-smoke-free air. Smoke-free laws protect the health of non-smokers, are popular, do not harm business and encourage smokers to quit.
Over 1 billion people, or 16% of the world's population, are protected by comprehensive national smoke-free laws.
[h=3]Tobacco users need help to quit[/h] Studies show that few people understand the specific health risks of tobacco use. For example, a 2009 survey in China revealed that only 38% of smokers knew that smoking causes coronary heart disease and only 27% knew that it causes stroke.
Among smokers who are aware of the dangers of tobacco, most want to quit. Counselling and medication can more than double the chance that a smoker who tries to quit will succeed.
National comprehensive cessation services with full or partial cost-coverage are available to assist tobacco users to quit in only 21 countries, representing 15% of the world's population.
There is no cessation assistance of any kind in one-quarter of low-income countries.
[h=3]Picture warnings work[/h] Hard-hitting anti-tobacco advertisements and graphic pack warnings – especially those that include pictures – reduce the number of children who begin smoking and increase the number of smokers who quit.
Graphic warnings can persuade smokers to protect the health of non-smokers by smoking less inside the home and avoiding smoking near children. Studies carried out after the implementation of pictorial package warnings in Brazil, Canada, Singapore and Thailand consistently show that pictorial warnings significantly increase people's awareness of the harms of tobacco use.
Just 30 countries, representing 14% of the world's population, meet the best practice for pictorial warnings, which includes the warnings in the local language and cover an average of at least half of the front and back of cigarette packs. Most of these countries are low- or middle-income countries.
Mass media campaigns can also reduce tobacco consumption, by influencing people to protect non-smokers and convincing youths to stop using tobacco.
Over half of the world's population live in the 37 countries that have implemented at least one strong anti-tobacco mass media campaign within the last two years.
[h=3]Ad bans lower consumption[/h] Bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship can reduce tobacco consumption.

• A comprehensive ban on all tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship could decrease tobacco consumption by an average of about 7%, with some countries experiencing a decline in consumption of up to 16%.
• Only 24 countries, representing 10% of the world’s population, have completely banned all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship.
• Around one country in three has minimal or no restrictions at all on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship.

[h=3]Taxes discourage tobacco use[/h] Tobacco taxes are the most cost-effective way to reduce tobacco use, especially among young people and poor people. A tax increase that increases tobacco prices by 10% decreases tobacco consumption by about 4% in high-income countries and by up to 8% in low- and middle-income countries.
Even so, high tobacco taxes is a measure that is rarely used. Only 32 countries, less than 8% of the world's population, have tobacco tax rates greater than 75% of the retail price. Tobacco tax revenues are on average 175 times higher than spending on tobacco control, based on available data.
[h=3]WHO response[/h] WHO is committed to fighting the global tobacco epidemic. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control entered into force in February 2005. Since then, it has become one of the most widely embraced treaties in the history of the United Nations with 176 Parties covering 88% of the world's population. The WHO Framework Convention is WHO's most important tobacco control tool and a milestone in the promotion of public health. It is an evidence-based treaty that reaffirms the right of people to the highest standard of health, provides legal dimensions for international health cooperation and sets high standards for compliance.
In 2008, WHO introduced a practical, cost-effective way to scale up implementation of provisions of the WHO Framework Convention on the ground: MPOWER. Each MPOWER measure corresponds to at least one provision of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
The six MPOWER measures are:

• Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies
• Protect people from tobacco use
• Offer help to quit tobacco use
• Warn about the dangers of tobacco
• Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship
• Raise taxes on tobacco.

For more details on progress made for tobacco control at global, regional and country level, please refer to the series of WHO reports on the global tobacco epidemic.
[h=4]For more information contact:[/h] WHO Media centre
Telephone: +41 22 791 2222
E-mail: [email protected]
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/#

[h=3]Diseases and Death[/h][h=4]Tobacco use leads to disease and disability.[/h]

• Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases (including emphysema, bronchitis, and chronic airway obstruction), and diabetes.[SUP]1[/SUP]
• For every person who dies from a smoking-related disease, about 30 more people suffer with at least one serious illness from smoking.[SUP]1[/SUP]

[h=4]Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death.[/h]

• Worldwide, tobacco use causes more than 5 million deaths per year, and current trends show that tobacco use will cause more than 8 million deaths annually by 2030.[SUP]2[/SUP]
• Cigarette smoking is responsible for more than 480,000 deaths per year in the United States, including an estimated 42,000 deaths resulting from secondhand smoke exposure.1 This is about one in five deaths annually, or 1,300 deaths every day.[SUP]1[/SUP]
• On average, smokers die 10 years earlier than nonsmokers.[SUP]3[/SUP]
• If smoking persists at the current rate among youth in this country, 5.6 million of today’s Americans younger than 18 years of age are projected to die prematurely from a smoking-related illness. This represents about one in every 13 Americans aged 17 years or younger who are alive today.[SUP]1[/SUP]

[h=3]Costs and Expenditures[/h][h=4]The tobacco industry spends billions of dollars each year on cigarette advertising and promotions.[SUP]4[/SUP][/h]

• $8.37 billion total spent in 2011
• Almost $23 million spent every day in 2011

[h=4]Tobacco use costs the United States billions of dollars each year, including:[SUP]1[/SUP][/h]

• More than $289 billion a year, including at least $133 billion in direct medical care for adults and more than $156 billion in lost productivity
• $5.6 billion a year (2006 data) in lost productivity from exposure to secondhand smoke

[h=4]State spending on tobacco prevention and control does not meet CDC-recommended levels.[SUP]1,5,6[/SUP][/h]

• Collectively, states have billions of dollars available to them—from tobacco excise taxes and tobacco industry legal settlements—for preventing and controlling tobacco use. States currently use a very small percentage of these funds for tobacco control programs.
• In fiscal year 2014, states will collect $25.7 billion from tobacco taxes and legal settlements, but states will spend only 1.9% of the $25.7 billion on prevention and cessation programs.
• No states currently fund tobacco control programs at CDC's "recommended" level. Only two states (Alaska and North Dakota) fund tobacco control programs at the "minimum" level.
• Investing less than 15% (i.e., $3.3 billion) of the $25.7 billion would fund every state tobacco control program at CDC-recommended levels.

[h=3]Cigarette Smoking in the United States[/h][h=4]Percentage of U.S. adults aged 18 years or older who were current cigarette smokers in 2012:[SUP]7[/SUP][/h]

• 18.1% of all adults (42.1 million people): 20.1% of males, 14.5% of females
• 21.8% of non-Hispanic American Indians/Alaska Natives
• 19.7% of non-Hispanic Whites
• 18.1% of non-Hispanic Blacks
• 12.5% of Hispanics
• 10.7% of non-Hispanic Asians (excluding Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders)
• 26.1% of multiple race individuals

Notes:

• Current smokers are defined as persons who reported smoking at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetime and who, at the time of interview, reported smoking every day or some days.

[h=4]Thousands of young people start smoking cigarettes every day[SUP]1[/SUP][/h]

• Each day, nearly 3,200 persons younger than 18 years of age smoke their first cigarette.
• Each day, an estimated 2,100 youth and young adults who have been occasional smokers become daily cigarette smokers.

[h=4]Many adult cigarette smokers want to quit smoking.[/h]

• In 2011:[SUP]1[/SUP]
  • 68.9% of adult smokers wanted to stop smoking
  • 42.7% had made a quit attempt in the past year

Notes:

• See CDC's Smoking Cessation fact sheet for more information.
• "Made a quit attempt" refers to smokers who reported that they stopped smoking for more than 1 day in the past 12 months because they were trying to quit smoking.

[h=3]References[/h]

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014 [accessed 2014 Feb 6].
2. World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011 . Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011 [accessed 2014 Feb 6].
3. Jha P, Ramasundarahettige C, Landsman V, Rostron B, Thun M, Anderson RN, McAfee T, Peto R. 21st Century Hazards of Smoking and Benefits of Cessation in the United States . New England Journal of Medicine 2013;368:341–50 [accessed 2014 Feb 6].
4. Federal Trade Commission. Federal Trade Commission Cigarette Report for 2011 . [<acronym title="Portable Document Format">PDF</acronym>–325 KB] Washington: Federal Trade Commission, 2013 [accessed 2014 Feb 6].
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs–2014. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2014 [accessed 2014 Feb 6].
6. Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids. Broken Promises to Our Children: The 1998 State Tobacco Settlement 15 Years Later . Washington: Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, 2013 [accessed 2014 Feb 6].

[h=3]For Further Information[/h]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Office on Smoking and Health
E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO
Media Inquiries: Contact CDC's Office on Smoking and Health press line at 770-488-5493.
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/

[h=1]Secondhand Smoke[/h][h=1]What is secondhand smoke?[/h] Secondhand smoke (SHS) is also known as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). SHS is a mixture of 2 forms of smoke that come from burning tobacco:

• Sidestream smoke – smoke from the lighted end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar
• Mainstream smoke – the smoke exhaled by a smoker

Even though we think of these as the same, they aren’t. Sidestream smoke has higher concentrations of cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) and is more toxic than mainstream smoke. And, it has smaller particles than mainstream smoke. These smaller particles make their way into the lungs and the body’s cells more easily.
When non-smokers are exposed to SHS it’s called involuntary smoking or passive smoking.Non-smokers who breathe in SHS take in nicotine and toxic chemicals by the same route smokers do. The more SHS you breathe, the higher the level of these harmful chemicals in your body.
[h=1]Why is secondhand smoke a problem?[/h][h=2]Secondhand smoke causes cancer[/h] Secondhand smoke (SHS) is classified as a “known human carcinogen” (cancer-causing agent) by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the US National Toxicology Program, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC – a branch of the World Health Organization).
Tobacco smoke is a mixture of gases and particles. It contains more than 7,000 chemical compounds. More than 250 of these chemicals are known to be harmful, and at least 69 are known to cause cancer.
SHS has been linked to lung cancer. There is also some evidence suggesting it might be linked to lymphoma, leukemia, and brain tumors in children, and cancers of the larynx (voice box), pharynx (throat), nasal sinuses, brain, bladder, rectum, stomach, and breast in adults.
IARC reported in 2009 that parents who smoked before and during pregnancy were more likely to have a child with hepatoblastoma. This rare liver cancer is thought to start while the child is still in the uterus. Compared with non-smoking parents, the risk was about twice as high if only one parent smoked, but nearly 5 times higher when both parents smoked.
[h=3]Secondhand smoke and breast cancer[/h] Whether SHS increases the risk of breast cancer is an issue that’s still being studied. Both mainstream and SHS have about 20 chemicals that, in high concentrations, cause breast cancer in rodents. And we know that in humans, chemicals from tobacco smoke reach breast tissue and can be found in breast milk.
One reason the link between SHS and breast cancer risk in human studies is uncertain is because breast cancer risk has not clearly been shown to be increased in active smokers. One possible explanation for this is that tobacco smoke might have different effects on breast cancer risk in smokers compared to those who are exposed to SHS.
A report from the California Environmental Protection Agency in 2005 concluded that the evidence regarding SHS and breast cancer is “consistent with a causal association” in younger women. This means SHS acts as if it could be a cause of breast cancer in these women. The 2006 US Surgeon General’s report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke, sums it up by saying that there is “suggestive but not sufficient” evidence of a link.
Research is still being done, but women should be told that this possible link to breast cancer is yet another reason to avoid being around SHS.
[h=2]Secondhand smoke causes other kinds of diseases and death[/h] Secondhand smoke (SHS) can cause harm in many ways. Each year in the United States alone, it’s responsible for:

• An estimated 46,000 deaths from heart disease in people who are current non-smokers
• About 3,400 lung cancer deaths in non-smoking adults
• Worse asthma and asthma-related problems in up to 1 million asthmatic children
• Between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections (lung and bronchus) in children under 18 months of age, with 7,500 to 15,000 hospitalizations each year
• Making children much more likely to be put into intensive care when they have the flu; they stay in the hospital longer, and they’re more likely to need breathing tubes than kids who aren’t exposed to SHS

In the United States, the costs of extra medical care, illness, and death caused by SHS are over $10 billion per year
Some studies have linked SHS to mental and emotional changes, too. For instance, a Chinese study has suggested that SHS exposure is linked to an increased risk of severe dementia syndromes. A UK study reported that women exposed to SHS during pregnancy were at greater risk for symptoms of depression during that pregnancy. More research is needed to better understand the relationship between SHS, dementia, and mental health.
[h=3]Surgeon General’s reports: Findings on smoking, secondhand smoke, and health[/h] Since 1964, 34 separate US Surgeon General’s reports have been written to make the public aware of the health issues linked to tobacco and SHS. The ongoing research used in these reports still supports the fact that tobacco and SHS are linked to serious health problems that could be prevented. The reports have highlighted many important findings on SHS, such as:

• SHS kills children and adults who don’t smoke.
• SHS causes disease in children and in adults who don’t smoke.
• Exposure to SHS while pregnant increases the chance that a woman will have a spontaneous abortion (miscarriage), stillborn birth, low birth-weight baby, and other pregnancy and delivery problems.
• Babies and children exposed to SHS are at an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), upper respiratory and lung infections, ear infections, and more severe and frequent asthma attacks.
• Smoking by parents can cause wheezing, coughing, bronchitis, and pneumonia, and slow lung growth in their children.
• SHS immediately affects the heart, blood vessels, and blood circulation in a harmful way. Over time it can cause heart disease, strokes, and heart attacks.
• SHS causes lung cancer in people who have never smoked. Even brief exposure can damage cells in ways that set the cancer process in motion. The Surgeon General estimates that living with a smoker increases the chance of getting lung cancer by 20% to 30%.
• Chemicals in tobacco smoke damage sperm which might reduce fertility and harm fetal development. SHS is known to damage sperm in animals, but more studies are needed to find out its effects in humans.
• There is no safe level of exposure to SHS. Any exposure is harmful.
• Many millions of Americans, both children and adults, are still exposed to SHS in their homes and workplaces despite a great deal of progress in tobacco control. In fact, almost half of non-smokers and more that 60% of children in the US continue to be exposed.
• On average, children are exposed to more SHS than non-smoking adults.
• The only way to fully protect non-smokers from exposure to SHS indoors is to prevent all smoking in that indoor space or building. Separating smokers from non-smokers, cleaning the air, and ventilating buildings cannot keep non-smokers from being exposed to SHS.

[h=1]Where is secondhand smoke a problem?[/h] You should be especially concerned about exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in these 4 places:
[h=2]At work[/h] The workplace is a major source of SHS exposure for many adults.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the federal agency responsible for health and safety in the workplace, is concerned about SHS as a possible carcinogen at work. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and OSHA recognize there are no known safe levels of SHS, and recommend that exposures be reduced to the lowest possible levels.
SHS in the workplace has been linked to an increased risk for heart disease and lung cancer among adult non-smokers. The Surgeon General has said that smoke-free workplace policies are the only way to prevent SHS exposure at work. Separating smokers from non-smokers, cleaning the air, and ventilating the building cannot prevent exposure if people still smoke inside the building. An extra bonus, other than protecting non-smokers, is that workplace smoking restrictions may also encourage smokers to smoke less, or even quit.
[h=2]In public places[/h] Everyone can be exposed to SHS in public places, such as restaurants, shopping centers, public transportation, schools, and daycare centers. The Surgeon General has suggested people choose restaurants and other businesses that are smoke-free, and let owners of businesses that are not smoke-free know that SHS is harmful to your family’s health.
Public places where children go are a special area of concern. Make sure that your children’s day care center or school is smoke-free.
Some businesses seem to be afraid to ban smoking, but there’s no proof that going smoke-free is bad for business.
[h=2]At home[/h] Making your home smoke-free may be one of the most important things you can do for the health of your family. Any family member can develop health problems related to SHS.
Children’s growing bodies are especially sensitive to the poisons in SHS. Asthma, lung infections, and ear infections are more common in children who are around smokers. Some of these problems can become serious and even life-threatening. Others may seem like small problems, but they add up quickly – the time for doctor visits, medicines, lost school time, and often lost work time for the parent who must stay home with a sick child are all costs that can impact a family.
Think about it: we spend more time at home than anywhere else. A smoke-free home protects your family, your guests, and even your pets.
Multi-unit housing where smoking is allowed is a special concern and a subject of research. Tobacco smoke can move through air ducts, wall and floor cracks, elevator shafts, and along crawl spaces to contaminate apartments on other floors, even those that are far from the smoke. SHS cannot be controlled with ventilation, air cleaning, or by separating smokers from non-smokers.
[h=2]In the car[/h] Americans spend a great deal of time in cars, and if someone smokes there, the poisons can build up quickly. Again, this can be especially harmful to children.
In response to this fact, the US Environmental Protection Agency has been working to encourage people to make their cars, as well as their homes, smoke-free. Some states and cities even have laws that ban smoking in the car if carrying passengers under a certain age or weight. And many facilities such as city buildings, malls, schools, colleges, and hospitals ban smoking on their grounds, including their parking lots.
[h=1]What about smoking odors?[/h] There’s no research in the medical literature as yet that shows cigarette odors cause cancer in people. Research does show that particles from secondhand tobacco smoke can settle into dust and onto surfaces and remain there long after the smoke is gone – some studies suggest the particles can last for months. Researchers call this thirdhand smoke or residual tobacco smoke.
The evidence is building about the dangers of thirdhand smoke. NNK and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are carcinogens that are known to cause lung cancer, which have been found in dust samples taken from the homes of smokers. Research has also shown that thirdhand smoke can damage the DNA of human cells in cell cultures. And studies have shown that the particles that settle out from tobacco smoke can form more cancer-causing compounds.
Though yet unknown, the cancer-causing effects of thirdhand smoke would likely be small compared with direct exposure to SHS. Still, the compounds may be stirred up and inhaled with other house dust, and may also be absorbed through the skin or accidentally taken in through the mouth. This is why any risk the compounds pose may be larger for babies and children who play on the floor and often put things in their mouths.
No actual cancer risk has been measured at this time, but the health risks of thirdhand smoke are an active area of research.
[h=1]What can be done about secondhand smoke?[/h] Local, state, and federal authorities can enact public policies to protect people from secondhand smoke (SHS) and protect children from tobacco-related diseases and addiction. Because there are no safe levels of SHS, it’s important that any such policies be as strong as possible, and that they do not prevent action at other levels of government.
Many US local and state governments, and even federal governments in some other countries, have decided that protecting the health of employees and others in public places is of the utmost importance. Many have passed clean indoor air laws. Although the laws vary from place to place, they are becoming more common. Detailed information on smoking restrictions in each state is available from the American Lung Association at www.lungusa2.org/slati/.
[h=1]To learn more[/h][h=2]More from your American Cancer Society[/h] Here is more information you might find helpful. You also can order free copies of our documents from our toll-free number, 1-800-227-2345, or read them on our website, www.cancer.org.
Questions About Smoking, Tobacco, and Health (also in Spanish)
Smoking in the Workplace
Guide to Quitting Smoking (also in Spanish)
[h=2]Other organizations*[/h] Along with the American Cancer Society, other sources of information and support include:
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Telephone: 202-272-0167
Toll-free number for smoke-free info: 1-866-766-5337 (1-866-SMOKE-FREE)
Website: www.epa.gov

• Has advice on how to protect children from SHS, a Smoke-free Homes Pledge, and other tobacco-related materials on the direct website, www.epa.gov/smokefree.
  Also has specific information on dealing with SHS in apartment buildings at http://iaq.supportportal.com/link/p...and-smoke-coming-from-my-neighbor-s-apartment

American Lung Association
Telephone: 1-800-586-4872
Website: www.lungusa.org

• Printed quit materials are available, some in Spanish; also has details on state-specific tobacco/smoking control laws and policies at www.lungusa2.org/slati/.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Office on Smoking and Health
Toll-free number: 1-800-232-4636 (1-800-CDC-INFO)
TTY: 1-888-232-6348
Website: www.cdc.gov/tobacco

• Offers answers to tobacco-related health questions, a lot of information on tobacco and smoking, and tools and resources for taking action against SHS

National Cancer Institute
Toll-free number: 1-800-422-6237 (1-800-4-CANCER)
TTY: 1-800-332-8615
Free tobacco line: 1-877-448-7848
Website: www.cancer.gov
Direct tobacco website: www.smokefree.gov

• Quitting information, a cessation guide, and counseling is offered via toll free tobacco line as well as information on smoking by state and information about SHS

*Inclusion on this list does not imply endorsement by the American Cancer Society.
No matter who you are, we can help. Contact us anytime, day or night, for information and support. Call us at 1-800-227-2345 or visit www.cancer.org.
[h=1]References[/h] American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2012. Atlanta, Ga. 2012.
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2013. Atlanta, Ga. 2013.
American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). Secondhand Smoke and Cancer. Accessed at www.cancer.net/all-about-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention/tobacco/secondhand-smoke-and-cancer on December 13, 2013.
Betts KS. Secondhand Suspicions: Breast Cancer and Passive Smoking. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115:A136-A143.
Borland R, Yong H-H, Siahpush M, et al. Support for and reported compliance with smoke-free restaurants and bars by smokers in four countries: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Tobacco Control. 2006;15(suppl 3):34-41.
California Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Assessment for Environmental Tobacco Smoke. June 2005. Accessed at www.oehha.ca.gov/air/environmental_tobacco/pdf/app3partb2005.pdf on December 16, 2013.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Current Intelligence Bulletin 54: Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace – Lung Cancer and Other Health Effects. 1991. (Publication No. 91-108) Accessed at www.nasdonline.org/document/1194/d0...bacco-smoke-in-the-workplace-lung-cancer.html on December 13, 2013.
Chen R, Wilson K, Chen Y, et al. Association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and dementia syndromes. Occup Environ Med. 2013;70(1):63-69.
Dreyfuss JH. Thirdhand smoke identified as potent, enduring carcinogen. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60(4):203-204.
Hang B, Sarker AH, Havel C, et al. Thirdhand smoke causes DNA damage in human cells. Mutagenesis. 2013;28(4):381-391.
Hoh E, Hunt RN, Quintana PJ, et al. Environmental tobacco smoke as a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in settled household dust. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(7):4174-4183.
Matt GE, Quintana PJ, Destaillats H, et al. Thirdhand tobacco smoke: emerging evidence and arguments for a multidisciplinary research agenda. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(9):1218-1226.
Mbah AK, Salihu HM, Dagne G, et al. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of antenatal depression: application of latent variable modeling. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2013;16(4):293-302.
Mennella JA, Yourshaw LM, Morgan LK. Breastfeeding and smoking: short-term effects on infant feeding and sleep. Pediatrics. 2007;120:497-502.
National Cancer Institute. Secondhand Smoke and Cancer. Accessed at www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/ETS on December 13, 2013.
Peres J. No Clear Link Between Passive Smoking and Lung Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013 Dec 6. [Epub ahead of print]
Polyzos A, Schmid TE, Piña-Guzmán B, et al. Differential sensitivity of male germ cells to mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009;237(3):298-305.
Public Health Law Center at William Mitchell College of Law, St. Paul, Minnesota. Kids, Cars and Cigarettes: A Brief Look at Policy Options for Smoke-Free Vehicles. April 2011. Accessed at http://publichealthlawcenter.org/si...lc-guide-kidscarssmoke-policyoptions-2011.pdf on December 13, 2013.
Sleiman M, Gundel LA, Pankow JF, et al. Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(15):6576-6581.
Thomas JL, Hecht SS, Luo X, et al. Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: A Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen on Surfaces in Smokers' Homes. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013 Jul 26. [Epub ahead of print]
US Department of Health and Human Services. Report on Carcinogens, 12th Edition. Public Health Service – National Toxicology Program. “Tobacco-Related Exposures,” pp 408-414. Accessed at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/profiles/TobaccoRelatedExposures.pdf on December 13, 2013.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Children and Secondhand Smoke Exposure-Excerpts from The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2007. Accessed at www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/smokeexposure/index.html on December 13, 2013.
US Department of Health & Human Services. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2010. Accessed at www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/tobaccosmoke/index.html on December 13, 2013.
US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2006. Accessed at www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/ on December 13, 2013.
US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2004. Accessed at www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/smokingconsequences/index.html on December 13, 2013.
US Environmental Protection Agency. Frequent Questions. Indoor Air Quality. What can I do about secondhand smoke coming from my neighbor's apartment? Accessed at http://iaq.supportportal.com/link/p...and-smoke-coming-from-my-neighbor-s-apartment on December 13, 2013
US Environmental Protection Agency. Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking (Also Known as Exposure to Secondhand Smoke or Environmental Tobacco Smoke ETS). US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC; 1992. Accessed at http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=2835 on December 13, 2013.
Wilson KM, Pier JC, Wesgate SC, Cohen JM, Blumkin AK. Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Severity of Influenza in Hospitalized Children. J Pediatr. 2012 Aug 3.
Winickoff JP, Friebely J, Tanski SE, et al. Beliefs about the health effects of “thirdhand” smoke and home smoking bans. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):e74-79.
World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Smoke-free Policies, IARC Handbook of Cancer Prevention, Volume 13. 2009. “Chapter 2: Health effects of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS),” pgs. 9-58. Accessed at www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/prev/handbook13/handbook13-2.pdf on December 13, 2013.
World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Strengthens Its Findings on Several Carcinogenic Personal Habits and Household Exposures. November 2009. Accessed at www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2009/pdfs/pr196_E.pdf on December 13, 2013.
Zollinger TW, Saywell RM Jr, Robinson JJ, Jay SJ, Spitznagle MH. Effect of personal characteristics on individual support for indoor smoke-free air laws, Indiana, 2008. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:E153. Accessed at www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2012/12_0091.htm on December 16, 2013.

[h=1][/h]



Last Medical Review: 12/17/2013
Last Revised: 12/17/2013
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/secondhand-smoke

[h=1]What is third-hand smoke? Is it hazardous?[/h] Researchers warn cigarette dangers may be even more far-reaching
Jan 6, 2009 |By Coco Ballantyne


<section class="article-complementary"> <figure> <figcaption>


iStockphoto.com/Stepan Popov </figcaption> </figure> </section> <section class="article-content"> Ever take a whiff of a smoker's hair and feel faint from the pungent scent of cigarette smoke? Or perhaps you have stepped into an elevator and wondered why it smells like someone has lit up when there is not a smoker in sight. Welcome to the world of third-hand smoke.

"Third-hand smoke is tobacco smoke contamination that remains after the cigarette has been extinguished," says Jonathan Winickoff, a pediatrician at the Dana–Farber/Harvard Cancer Center in Boston and author of a study on the new phenomenon published in the journal Pediatrics. According to the study, a large number of people, particularly smokers, have no idea that third-hand smoke—the cocktail of toxins that linger in carpets, sofas, clothes and other materials hours or even days after a cigarette is put out—is a health hazard for infants and children. Of the 1,500 smokers and nonsmokers Winickoff surveyed, the vast majority agreed that second-hand smoke is dangerous. But when asked whether they agreed with the statement, "Breathing air in a room today where people smoked yesterday can harm the health of infants and children," only 65 percent of nonsmokers and 43 percent of smokers answered "yes."

"Third-hand smoke," a term coined by Winickoff's research team, is a relatively new concept but one that has worried researchers and nonsmokers for several years. "The third-hand smoke idea—concern over that—has been around for a long time. It's only recently been given a name and studied," says Stanton Glantz, director of the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education at the University of California, San Francisco. "The level of toxicity in cigarette smoke is just astronomical when compared to other environmental toxins [such as particles found in automobile exhaust]," he adds, but notes that he is not aware of any studies directly linking third-hand smoke to disease [as opposed to second-hand smoke, which has been associated with disease].

ScientificAmerican.com asked Winickoff to explain exactly what third-hand smoke is and why it poses a public health risk.

How exactly do you distinguish between second- and third- hand smoke?
Third-hand smoke refers to the tobacco toxins that build up over time—one cigarette will coat the surface of a certain room [a second cigarette will add another coat, and so on]. The third-hand smoke is the stuff that remains [after visible or "second-hand smoke" has dissipated from the air]…. You can't really quantify it, because it depends on the space…. In a tiny space like a car the deposition is really heavy…. Smokers [may] smoke in another room or turn on a fan. They don't see the smoke going into a child's nose; they think that if they cannot see it, it's not affecting [their children].

Smokers themselves are also contaminated…smokers actually emit toxins [from clothing and hair].

Why is third-hand smoke dangerous?
The 2006 surgeon general's report says there is no risk-free level of tobacco exposure…. There are 250 poisonous toxins found in cigarette smoke. One such substance is lead. Very good studies show that tiny levels of exposure are associated with diminished IQ.

What do you consider the most dangerous compound in cigarette smoke?
I would say cyanide, which is used in chemical weapons. It actually interferes with the release of oxygen to tissues. It competitively binds to hemoglobin [meaning it competes with oxygen for binding sites on the blood's oxygen-carrying molecule, hemoglobin]. Basically people with cyanide poison turn blue…. [And] arsenic, that is a poison used to kill mammals. We [used to] use it to kill rats. And there it is in cigarette smoke.

Why are the risks associated with exposure to third-hand smoke different for children and adults?
The developing brain is uniquely susceptible to extremely low levels of toxins. Remember how we talked about the layers of toxin deposits on surfaces? Who gets exposure to those surfaces? Babies and children are closer to [surfaces such as floors]. They tend to touch or even mouth [put their mouths to] the contaminated surfaces. Imagine a teething infant.

Children ingest twice the amount of dust that grown-ups do. Let's say a grown-up weighs 150 pounds [68 kilograms]. Let's say a baby weighs 15 pounds [seven kilograms]. The infant ingests twice the dust [due to faster respiration and proximity to dusty surfaces]. Effectively, they'll get 20 times the exposure.

Studies in rats suggest that tobacco toxin exposure is the leading cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). We think it is [caused by] respiratory suppression.

What types of places or materials harbor the greatest amount of third-hand smoke?
Anywhere you see an enclosed space you should watch out for [it].

By introducing the phrase "third-hand smoke" in your research, what do you hope to accomplish?
This study points to the need for every smoker to try to quit. That's the only way to completely protect their children…. Really, I think that what this says is that we need to have sympathy for smokers and help them quit smoking…. [And also] that the introduction of this concept will lead to more smoke-free spaces in…public.

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-third-hand-smoke/

</section>

Is he a smoker?

<img src='http://www.jaydinitto.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/bertrand_russell_smoking4.jpg'>
Puff Puff.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell#Final_years_and_death

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British nobleman, philosopher, logician, mathematician and historian. He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy. He is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians.

Russell, rarely seen without a coat and tie, was also dedicated to smoking. His jacket pockets were usually filled with pipes and pipe tobacco. He began smoking a pipe at the age of 22 and didn’t stop until the day he died. Russell died of influenza on 2 February 1970 at his home, Plas Penrhyn, in Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, Wales at the age of 97.

Star Trek's Leonard Nimoy Diagnosed With Serious Lung Disease, Tells Fans to Stop Smoking
by Lily Harrison Thu., Feb. 6, 2014 2:04 PM PST


Star Trek's Leonard Nimoy has spoken out about his current medical condition.

The beloved actor worried fans after he was photographed wearing an oxygen mask in a wheelchair at an airport recently.
Nimoy took to Twitter to explain, "I quit smoking 30 years ago. Not soon enough. I have COPD. Grandpa says, quit now!! LLAP [Live Long and Prosper]."

COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is said to be caused by smoking.

The disease makes it increasingly difficult to breathe and is one of the most common lung diseases.

Emphysema and bronchitis are the two main forms of the illness.

Nimoy urged followers to follow in his footsteps and cease their smoking habits immediately.

"Smokers, please understand. If you quit after you're diagnosed with lung damage it's too late. Grandpa says learn my lesson. Quit now," he posted.

The 82-year-old added, "I'm doing OK. Just can't walk distances. Love my life, family, friends and followers. LLAP."

But despite his recent frail appearance, Nimoy is still involved in work commitments and anything involving the Trek world.

In fact, Nimoy shared with his legions of Twitter fans that he just completed his latest project.

He shared, "Just taped my comments for Star Trek Fest to be aired on EPIX Feb. 16th. Still enjoying my life."

http://www.eonline.com/news/508172/...rious-lung-disease-tells-fans-to-stop-smoking

This selective guide will help you find information on smoking and tobacco from periodicals, newspapers, books, and Internet resources.

[h=2]Subject Headings[/h] Relevant subjects for books may include but are not limited to:

• cigarettes
• nicotine
• passive smoking
• smoking developing countries prevention
• smoking economic aspects
• smoking health aspects
• smoking in the workplace
• smoking law and legislation United States
• tobacco industry
• tobacco law and legislation United States history
• tobacco use
• tobacco use developing countries

[h=2]Databases[/h] [h=5]Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs: Bibliographic Databases and Data Archives.[/h] Compiled by SALIS, Substance Abuse Librarians & Information Specialists, this list of 80 databases, data archives and surveys “was created to assist in the researching and dissemination of substance abuse, alcoholism, treatment, recovery, and other addictions information.”
America, history and life (Online) (1964)

Anthropology plus (1993)

AnthroSource (2004-)

ATLA religion database (Online) (1998)

Biological abstracts. (1927-)

[h=5]CQ Researcher[/h] General science full text (Online) (199?)

Historical abstracts (Online) (1969)

PsycINFO (Online) (199?)

PubMed (1996)

The Roper Center For Public Opinion Research (1998)

Social sciences full text (Online) (1983)

Sociological abstracts

[h=2]Reference Works[/h] [h=5]Controlled or Reduced Smoking: An Annotated Bibliography. 1999.[/h] Annotated bibliography of published studies concerning controlled or reduced smoking. The volume includes an overview of the literature on controlled or reduced smoking, with attention given to data collection, characteristics of smokers, and methods of treatment for smoking reduction. Controlled smoking is a form of treatment for smokers who cannot or do not wish to quit (despite smoking-related illnesses). Mugar Z7882 R64 1999. Storage: Use Request Form.
[h=5]The Encyclopedia of Addictions and Addictive Behaviors. 2006.[/h] Begins with an introductory essay on addiction myths; types, causes and ramifications of addictions, and recovery. Followed by 300+ entries from “abstinence” to “Zyban.” There are several appendixes listing organizations and agencies, as well as statistical tables. Concludes with a bibliography. Mugar Ref. X RC564 G95 2006.
[h=5]Encyclopedia of Criminology and Deviant Behavior. 4 vols. 2000.[/h] Comprehensive encyclopedia covering criminology and social deviance under four broad categories: historical, conceptual, and theoretical issues; crime and juvenile delinquency; sexual deviance; and self destructive behavior and disvalued identity There is one entry on tobacco as a drug. Mugar HV 6017 E53 2000.
[h=5]Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior. 4 vols. 2001.[/h] Contains overview essays and briefer entries on topics such as advertising and tobacco use, nicotine, the history of tobacco, and the medical complications of tobacco. Includes extensive directory of drug abuse and alcoholism treatment and prevention programs, research centers, and organizations. Mugar Ref. X HV5804 E53 2001.
[h=5]Encyclopedia of Smoking and Tobacco. 1999.[/h] From “Action on Smoking and Health (ASH)” to “Zyban,” the nearly 600 entries in this encyclopedia provide information on the history, manufacture, and use of tobacco. There is a guide to selected topics (for example, advertising and public relations, secondhand smoke). Appendix materials include text of the Surgeon General’s reports from 1964 to 1998, landmark workplace and smoking cases, and essays on topics such as safe cigarettes and warning labels. The work includes a chronology and a bibliography listing books, articles, and web sites. Mugar Ref. X HV5760 H57 1999.
[h=5]International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. 26 vols. 2001.[/h] Contains authoritative articles on sociology and related fields, including smoking. Mugar Ref. X H41 I58 2001.
[h=5]Second-Hand Smoke: A Selected Bibliography. 2010.[/h] ProQuest bibliography of current research.
[h=5]Tobacco: A Reference Handbook. 2001.[/h] Includes an overview of the controversies and concerns surrounding smoking, selected primary source documents, a chronology, and an annotated bibliography of print and electronic resources. Mugar HV5735 C67 2001.
[h=5]The Tobacco Atlas. 2002.[/h] World Health Organization atlas which maps the history, current situation and predictions for the future of the tobacco epidemic up to the year 2050. Topics include prevalence and health (male, female and youth smoking, passive smoking, health risks, and more); the costs of tobacco (to the economy and the smoker); the tobacco trade; promotion (including the Internet, smokers’ rights organizations, and politics); taking action (quitting, price policies, litigation, and more); and world tables. Includes glossary, list of sources, and useful contacts. Mugar Ref. X G1046 E51 M3 2002. Available on the Web:
[h=5]Tobacco in History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. 2 vols. 2005.[/h] From “addiction” to “Zimbabwe,” the 130+ entries in this work document the social and cultural history of tobacco from pre-Columbian times to the present day. Topics span agriculture, business, government policy, health issues, religion, and social customs. Mugar Ref. X GT3020 T594 2005.
[h=5]Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report. 1997.[/h] World Health Organization overview of the worldwide tobacco epidemic, which kills someone every ten seconds. Profiles of 190 countries provide sociodemographic data and information on tobacco production, consumption, and control measures. Mugar HV5730 T63 1997. Updated country profiles are available on the Web.
[h=2]Statistics[/h] [h=5]CDC Smoking and Tobacco Use: Data and Statistics.[/h] Tables and data from the CDC on smoking.
[h=5]International Trade Statistics Yearbook. 2 vols. 1983 – .[/h] Lists imports and exports of commodities for 174 “countries or reporting customs areas.” Volume 1 lists trade by country, volume 2 lists trade by commodity. Includes tobacco and cigarettes. Pardee Ref. HF91 F50; library has 1983-2006.
ProQuest statistical insight (199?)

[h=5]National Center for Health Statistics Fast Stats: Smoking.[/h] Brief statistical data on smoking from the National Center for Health Statistics and links to related data sources.
[h=2]Websites[/h] [h=5]Action on Smoking and Health (ASH).[/h] “Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), is a non-profit tax-exempt legal action antismoking organization based in the United States, that has been solely devoted to the many problems of smoking for over 35 years. Its principal activity is to serve as the legal action arm of the nonsmoking community, bringing or joining in legal actions concerning smoking, and insuring that the voice of the nonsmoker is heard. It also serves as an advocate of the nonsmokers’ rights movement.”
[h=5]American Legacy Foundation.[/h] “American Legacy Foundation is the national, independent public health foundation established by the 1998 tobacco settlement. Legacy is dedicated to reducing tobacco use in the United States with major initiatives reaching youth, women, and priority populations through grant awards, research initiatives, marketing campaigns, training programs, and collaboration with national and local partners.” Site include publications and a gallery of print, image, and audio/video media campaign resources.
[h=5]American Lung Association: Stop Smoking.[/h] Information on quitting smoking, smoking and women, smoking and teens, smoking and minorities, secondhand smoke, and much more.
[h=5]Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights.[/h] “Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights is the only national lobbying organization dedicated to nonsmokers’ rights, taking on the tobacco industry at all levels of government to protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke and youth from tobacco addiction.”
[h=5]ATF Online: Bureau of Alcohol,Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives.[/h] Moved from the Treasury Department to the Justice Department following passage of the Homeland Security Act, “the ATF will continue to perform the law enforcement functions relating to firearms, explosives, and arson. It will also administer the U.S. Criminal Code provisions concerning alcohol and tobacco smuggling and diversion.”
[h=5]Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids.[/h] America’s “largest non-government initiative ever launched to protect children from tobacco addiction and exposure to second-hand smoke.”
[h=5]CDC’s Tips: Smoking and Tobacco Use .[/h] Includes Surgeon General’s reports; research, data, and reports; information on how to quit; tips for teens and children; educational materials; news; and more.
[h=5]FORCES International.[/h] FORCES (Fight Ordinances & Restrictions to Control & Eliminate Smoking)” was formed in response to the increased smoking restrictions and the government hate campaigns running rampant in our society. Additionally we are committed to providing information on the political efforts to eliminate smoking.”
[h=5]Health Effects of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke.[/h] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency site on the health risks of secondhand smoke and the science behind thos risks.
[h=5]INWAT: International Network of Women Against Tobacco.[/h] “Founded in 1990 by women tobacco control leaders to address the complex issues of tobacco use among women and young girls.” Includes fact sheets on tobacco use among women in several countries.
[h=5]Not a Cough in a Carload.[/h] Lane Library, Stanford School of Medicine online exhibit of images and slogans from the tobacco industry’s advertising campaign to hide the dangers of smoking.
[h=5]Philip Morris Document Site.[/h] Provides access to Company documents relating to the Attorneys General reimbursement lawsuits.
[h=5]Projections of Tobacco Production, Consumption, and Trade to the Year 2010.[/h] Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations report.
[h=5]Smoking.[/h] National Library of Medicine/MedlinePlus web page on the issue of smoking, with links to recent news, the NIH, general overviews, clinical trials, research, specific conditions/aspects of smoking, dictionaries, law and policy, lists of print publications, organizations, statistics, seniors, women, and Spanish-language pages. Related pages include Quitting Smoking, Secondhand Smoke, Smokeless Tobacco, Smoking and Youth, and Pregnancy and Substance Abuse.
[h=5]Smoking from all Sides.[/h] Links to sites on many perspectives about smoking, including: anti-smoking groups, health aspects, pro-smoking documents, smoking cessation, smoking glamour, statistics, tobacco industry, and tobacco news.
[h=5]Through the Smoke: Tobacco Use in the Middle East.[/h] Policy brief on tobacco use in the Middle East, by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding.
[h=5]Tobacco Advertising.[/h] A digital collection of 516 19th and early 20th century tobacco ads, leaflets, posters, and tobacco insert cards and flags from the collections of Duke University. “Many of the tobacco insert cards contain images of popular contemporary actresses. These advertisements are organized by the name of the tobacco company and then by the product advertised.”
[h=5]Tobacco Advertising Gallery.[/h] Collection of smoking advertisement images maintained by the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, sortable by advertisement type, brand, company, and country.
[h=5]Tobacco Control Archives.[/h] The Tobacco Control Archives, located at the University of California, San Francisco, collects, preserves, and provides access to papers, unpublished documents, and electronic resources relevant to tobacco control issues. The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library contains more than 7 million documents created by major tobacco companies related to their advertising, manufacturing, marketing, sales, and scientific research activities. Collections within the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library include the Joe Camel Collection.
[h=5]Tobacco Free Initiative.[/h] The Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) is a World Health Organization global initiative to reduce smoking prevalence worldwide. Nevertheless, the “Tobacco Free Initiative provides links to other tobacco-related websites in the belief that the informed individual is better able to make health and lifestyle decisions.” These include tobacco companies, tobacco company financial data, online tobacco magazines, newswires, and economic and trade data.
[h=5]Washingtonpost.com: Tobacco Special Report.[/h] Compilation of stories from the Washington Post on tobacco, including health issues, industry news, lawsuits, politics and policy, and teen smoking.

http://www.bu.edu/library/guide/smokingandtobacco/

Adkison, SE, O’Connor, RJ, Borland, R, Yong, H-H, Cummings, KM, Hammond, D & Fong, GT 2013, ‘Impact of reduced ignition propensity cigarette regulation on consumer smoking behavior and quit intentions: evidence from 6 waves (2004-11) of the ITC Four Country Survey’, Tobacco induced diseases, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 26.

Ahmed, HG 2013, ‘Aetiology of Oral Cancer in the Sudan’, Journal of oral & maxillofacial research, vol. 4, no. 2, p. e3.

Aizawa, K, Liu, C, Veeramachaneni, S, Hu, K-Q, Smith, DE & Wang, X-D 2013, ‘Development of ferret as a human lung cancer model by injecting 4-(Nmethyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)’, Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands), vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 390–396.

Akram, S, Mirza, T, Aamir Mirza, M & Qureshi, M 2013, ‘Emerging Patterns in Clinico-pathological spectrum of Oral Cancers’, Pakistan journal of medical sciences, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 783–787.

Al-Zoughool, M, Pintos, J, Richardson, L, Parent, M-É, Ghadirian, P, Krewski, D & Siemiatycki, J 2013, ‘Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and risk of lung cancer in Montreal: a case-control study’, Environmental health: a global access science source, vol. 12, p. 112.

Alberg, AJ, Shopland, DR & Cummings, KM 2014, ‘The 2014 Surgeon General’s Report: Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the 1964 Report of the Advisory Committee to the US Surgeon General and Updating the Evidence on the Health Consequences of Cigarette Smoking’, American journal of epidemiology, vol. 179, no. 4, pp. 403–412.

Anantharaman, D, Chabrier, A, Gaborieau, V, Franceschi, S, Herrero, R, Rajkumar, T, Samant, T, Mahimkar, MB, Brennan, P & McKay, JD 2014, ‘Genetic variants in nicotine addiction and alcohol metabolism genes, oral cancer risk and the propensity to smoke and drink alcohol: a replication study in India’, PloS one, vol. 9, no. 2, p. e88240.

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Zhang, Y, Choksi, S & Liu, Z-G 2013, ‘Butylated hydroxyanisole blocks the occurrence of tumor associated macrophages in tobacco smoke carcinogen-induced lung tumorigenesis’, Cancers, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1643–1654.

Zhou, W, Chen, Y-W, Liu, X, Chu, P, Loria, S, Wang, Y, Yen, Y & Chou, K-M 2013, ‘Expression of DNA Translesion Synthesis Polymerase η in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer Predicts Resistance to Gemcitabine and Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy’, PloS one, vol. 8, no. 12, p. e83978.

Zil-A-Rubab, Baig, S, Siddiqui, A, Nayeem, A, Salman, M, Qidwai, MA, Mallick, R & Qidwai, S 2013, ‘Human papilloma virus--role in precancerous and cancerous oral lesions of tobacco chewers’, JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 1295–1298.


More: http://www.mediafire.com/download/oh18ehf0gz4i1z7/Tobacco_Literature.zip

By the way that's no big deal. It's a persons fate. A healthy man can die in a freak accident while a chain smoker is waiting for his heath to deteriorate.

I quit over ten years ago, not due to health reasons then but because it was getting expensive then, and it is more expensive now.

Best reason to quit it - what does it do for one? Does not make one feel better, stronger, smarter. And these days, smoking (at least in developed countries) is an anti-social activity. To light up, one has to excuse oneself from the main crowd. Overall, it is not worth it. If you wanna smoke, better to smoke ganja.

Cheers!

The world in general and Singapore, in particular, is getting too crowded. So for those who want to die voluntarily by smoking should be welcome to do so. They will be cherished for making space for others

i deem myself a heavy smoker, i seem to smoke heavier nowadays after being harrassed by the lasup matas. knn, if i die, i will come and look for them.:oIo:

Agoraphobic said:

I quit over ten years ago, not due to health reasons then but because it was getting expensive then, and it is more expensive now.

Best reason to quit it - what does it do for one? Does not make one feel better, stronger, smarter. And these days, smoking (at least in developed countries) is an anti-social activity. To light up, one has to excuse oneself from the main crowd. Overall, it is not worth it. If you wanna smoke, better to smoke ganja.

Cheers!

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I see this (smoking) as a personal choice. No one is forcing one to smoke or quit. Just that, it used to be "fashionable" once, not anymore.

Cheers!

nutbush said:

i deem myself a heavy smoker, i seem to smoke heavier nowadays after being harrassed by the lasup matas. knn, if i die, i will come and look for them.:oIo:

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unlikely to quit, i have no peace whether at home or outside, knn, all thanks to lky's cronies, knnb ccb!

Agoraphobic said:

I see this (smoking) as a personal choice. No one is forcing one to smoke or quit. Just that, it used to be "fashionable" once, not anymore.

Cheers!

Click to expand...

[h=1]Helping a Smoker Quit: Do’s and Don’ts[/h][h=1]General hints for friends and family[/h]

• Do respect that the quitter is in charge. This is their lifestyle change and their challenge, not yours.
  Do ask the person whether they want you to ask regularly how they’re doing. Ask how they’re feeling – not just whether they’ve stayed quit.
  Do let the person know that it’s OK to talk to you whenever they need to hear encouraging words.
  Do help the quitter get what they need, such as hard candy to suck on, straws to chew on, and fresh veggies cut up and kept in the refrigerator.
  Do spend time doing things with the quitter to keep their mind off smoking – go to the movies, take a walk to get past a craving (what many call a “nicotine fit”), or take a bike ride together.
  Do try to see it from the smoker’s point of view – a smoker’s habit may feel like an old friend that’s always been there when times were tough. It’s hard to give that up.
  Do make your home smoke free, meaning that no one can smoke in any part of the house.
  Do remove all lighters and ash trays from your home. Remove anything that reminds them of smoking
  Do wash clothes that smell like smoke. Clean carpets and drapes. Use air fresheners to help get rid of the tobacco smells – and don’t forget the car, too.
  Do help the quitter with a few chores, some child care, cooking – whatever will help lighten the stress of quitting.
  Do celebrate along the way. Quitting smoking is a BIG DEAL!
  Don’t doubt the smoker’s ability to quit. Your faith in them reminds them they can do it.
  Don’t judge, nag, preach, tease, or scold. This may make the smoker feel worse about him or herself. You don’t want your loved one to turn to a cigarette to soothe hurt feelings.
  Don’t take the quitter’s grumpiness personally during their nicotine withdrawal. Tell them that you understand the symptoms are real and remind them that they won’t last forever. The symptoms usually get better in about 2 weeks.
  Don’t offer advice. Just ask how you can help with the plan or program they are using.

[h=1]If your ex-smoker “slips”[/h]

• Don’t assume that they will start back smoking like before. A “slip” (taking a puff or smoking a cigarette or 2) is pretty common when a person is quitting.
  Do remind the quitter how long they went without a cigarette before the slip.
  Do help the quitter remember all the reasons they wanted to quit, and help them forget about the slip as soon as possible.
  Do continue to offer support and encouragement. Remind them they’re still a “quitter” – NOT a smoker.
  Don’t scold, tease, nag, blame, or make the quitter feel guilty. Be sure the quitter knows that you care about them whether or not they smoke.

[h=1]If your quitter relapses[/h] Research shows that most people try to quit smoking several times before they succeed. (It’s called a relapse when smokers go back to smoking like they were before they tried to quit.) If a relapse happens, think of it as practice for the next time. Don’t give up your efforts to encourage and support your loved one. If the person you care about fails to quit or starts smoking again:

• Do praise them for trying to quit, and for whatever length of time (days, weeks, or months) of not smoking.
  Do remind your loved one that they didn’t fail – they are learning how to quit – and you’re going to be there for them the next time and as many times as it takes.
  Do encourage them to try again. Don’t say, “If you try again...” Say, “When you try again...” Studies show that most people who don’t succeed in quitting are ready to try again in the near future.
  Do encourage them to learn from the attempt. Things a person learns from a failed attempt to quit may help them quit for good next time. It takes time and skills to learn to be a non-smoker.
  Do say, “It’s normal to not succeed the first few times you try to quit. Most people understand this, and know that they have to try to quit again. You didn’t smoke for (length of time) this time. Now you know you can do that much. You can get even further next time.”

[h=1]If you are a smoker[/h]

• Do smoke outside and always away from the quitter.
  Do keep your cigarettes, lighters, and matches out of sight. They might be triggers for your loved one to smoke.
  Don’t ever offer the quitter a smoke or any other form of tobacco, even as a joke!
  Do join your loved one in their effort to quit. It’s better for your health and might be easier to do with someone else who is trying to quit, too.

Call the American Cancer Society at 1-800-227-2345 to find out what resources might be available to help someone quit and stay quit.

[h=1][/h]



Last Medical Review: 10/11/2013
Last Revised: 10/11/2013

http://www.cancer.org/healthy/stayawayfromtobacco/helping-a-smoker-quit